Physiological impact of heat stress and their alleviation measures in agriculture: A review
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Abstract
Abiotic stresses are becoming more prevalent in modern agriculture as a result of shifting climate scenarios. Elevated temperature stress is one of the most important abiotic stresses to address since it has detrimental consequences for plant physiology, molecular structure, and phenology. The morphological impact occurs in the form of reduced germination, poor emergence, poor seedling vigor, abnormal seedling. Heat stress also results in the closure of stomata, reduced leaf size and consequent increase in stomatal density. One of the major physiological impacts of heat stress is on the fluidity of the membrane structure of the plant cell. Heat stress leads to increased fluidity of the thylakoid membrane and disruption of metabolic functions, which either deliver or accept electrons from PSII and, thus, cause dislodging of PSII from thylakoid membrane. The respiration generally increases in the temperature range of 0-35/ 40⁰C, reaches plateau at 40-50⁰C and decreases beyond 50⁰C due to damage to the respiratory mechanism. Elevated temperature directly impacts the cellular water content and indirectly through the increased water depletion rate from the soil. In order to design the appropriate corrective actions, it is crucial to research all the factors leading to heat stress thoroughly. The traditional agronomic and breeding interventions are crucial, but the rising food demand and the intensifying heat stress call for some cutting-edge biotechnological interventions, such as transgenics, genome editing, and CRISPR/cas9, to induce genome-level heat tolerance. The present review deals in detail with each of the previously listed aspects.
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Keywords
Abiotic stress, Agronomy, Breeding, Eelevated temperature, Plant physiology
References
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Akhi, M.Z., Haque, M.M. & Biswas, M.S.(2021). Role of secondary metabolites to attenuate stress damages in plants. In: Antioxidants-Benefits, Sources, Mechanisms of Action. IntechOpen
Alhaithloul & Haifa, A.S.(2019). Impact of Combined Heat and Drought Stress on the Potential Growth Responses of the Desert Grass Artemisia sieberi alba: Relation to Biochemical and Molecular Adaptation, Plants, 8, 416.
Al-Whaibi, M.H.(2011). Plant Heat shock proteins: Mini-review. Journal of King Saudi Univiversity Science, 23, 139-150.
Austen, H., Walker, H.J., Lake, J.A., Phoenix, G.K. and Cameron, D.D.(2019). The Regulation of Plant Secondary Metabolism in Response to Abiotic Stress: Interactions Between Heat Shock and Elevated CO2. Front in Plant Science, 10, 1463.
Barnabas, B., Jager, K. and Feher K.(2007). The effect of drought and heat stress on reproductive process in cereals. Plant Cell Environment, 31, 11-38.
Brown, P.B. andZeiher C.A.(2021). Cotton Heat Stress. Cotton: -A College of Agriculture Report. College of Agriculture., University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), pp.91-104.
Campobenedetto, C., Grange, E., Mannino, G., Van Arkel, J., Beekwilder, J., Karlova, R., Garabello, C., Contartese, V. andBertea, C.M. (2020). A Biostimulant Seed Treatment Improved Heat Stress Tolerance During Cucumber Seed Germination by Acting on the Antioxidant System and Glyoxylate Cycle. Frontiers in Plant Science, 11, 836.
Cossani, C.M. and Reynolds, M.P.(2012). Physiological Traits for Improving Heat Tolerance in Wheat. Plant Physiology, 160, 1710–1718.
DeBlock, M.,Verduyn, C., De Brouwer, D. and Cornelissen M.(2005). Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase in plants affects energy homeostasis, cell death and stress tolerance. The Plant Journal, 41, 95-106.
Dinesh, A., Muralidhara, B., Gangurde, S. and More, Y.(2016). Molecular response of plants to drought, cold and heat stress-a review. Annual Review of Plant Biology, 10, 1–8.
Dreidonks, N., Rieu, I. andVriezen W.H.(2016). Breeding for plant heat tolerance at vegetative and reproductive stages. Plant Reproduction, 29, 67–79.
El Sabagh.(2020). Maize adaptability to heat stress under changing climate. In: Plant Stress Physiology, IntechOpen.
El-Daim, I., Bejai, S. and Meijer J.(2014). Improved heat stress tolerance of wheat seedlings by bacterial seed treatment. Plant and Soil, 37, 337-350.
Fahad, S., Bajwa, A.A., Nazir, U., Anjum, S.A., Farooq, A., Zohaib, A., Sadia, S., Nasim, W., Adkins, S., Saud, S., Ihsan, M.Z., Alharby, H., Wu, C., Wang, D. and Huang J.(2017). Crop Production under Drought and Heat Stress: Plant Responses and Management. Front in Plant Science, 8, 1147.
Fahad, S., Hussain,S. and Saud S.(2016). Exogenously applied plant growth regulators affect heat stressed rice pollens. Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science, 202, 139-150.
FAO.(2021). The impact of disasters and crises on agriculture and food security. Rome.
Ferrante, A. andMariani, L. (2018). Agronomic Management for Enhancing Plant Tolerance to Abiotic Stresses: High and Low Values of Temperature, Light Intensity, and Relative Humidity. Horticulturae, 4, 1-19.
Hallajian, M.T.(2016).Mutation breeding and drought stress tolerance in plants. - In: Drought stress tolerance in plants, Springer., Cham, pp. 359–383.
Haworth, M., Marino, G., Brunetti, C., Killi, D., De Carlo,A. andCentritto M.(2018). The Impact of Heat Stress and Water Deficit on the Photosynthetic and Stomatal Physiology of Olive (Olea europaea L.) - A Case Study of the 2017 Heat Wave. Plants, 7, 76.
Hemantaranjan, A., Nishant Bhanu, A., Singh, M.N., Yadav, D.K. and Patel P.K.(2014). Heat Stress Responses and Thermotolerance. Advances in Plants & Agriculture Research, 1, 00012.
Hemantaranjan, A., Nishant Bhanu,A. andLalotra S.(2020). Plant Responses to Heat Stress and Thermotolerance. Journal of Agriculture and Forest Meteorlogy Research, 3, 361-366.
Iqbal, M., Raja, N.I., Yasmeen, F., Hussain,M. and Ejaz M.(2017). Impacts of Heat Stress on Wheat: A Critical Review. Advances in Crop Science and Technology, 5, 251-261.
Isah, T.(2019). Stress and defense responses in plant secondary metabolites production. Biological Research, 52, 39.
Janni, M., Gulli, M., Maestri, E., Marmiroli, M., Valliyodan, B., Nguyen, H.T. andMarmirolli N.(2020). Molecular and genetic bases of heat stress responses in crop plants and breeding for increased resilience and productivity. Journal of Experimental Botany, 71, 3780-3802.
Jha, U.C., Bohra,A. and Singh N.P.(2014). Heat stress in crop plants: its nature, impacts and integrated breeding strategies to improve heat tolerance. Plant Breeding, 133, 679–701.
Kaur, R., Kaur,S. and Sandhu S.S.(2017). Effect of terminal heat stress in wheat and its management with chemicals in north India. Agriculture Resarch Journal, 54, 114-116.
Kaushal, N., Bhandari, K., Siddique, K.H.M., Nayyar, H.I., Moral, M.T.(2016). Food crops face rising temperatures: An overview of responses, adaptive mechanisms, and approaches to improve heat tolerance. Cogent Food & Agriculture, 2, 1-4.
Kondamudi, R., Swamy, K.N., Chakravarthy, D.V.N., Vishnuprasanth, V., Rao, Y.V., Rao, P.R., Sarla, N., Subrahmanyam, D. and Volet, S.R.(2012). Heat Stress in Rice – Physiological Mechanisms and Adaptation Strategies. In: Crop stress and its management: Perspectives and strategies, Springer., pp. 193-224.
Kothari, A., Lachowiec, J.(2021). Roles of Brassinosteroids in Mitigating Heat Stress Damage in Cereal Crops. International Journal of Molecular Science, 22, 2706.
Kumar, R.R., Goswami, S., Sharma, S.K., Singh, K., Gadpayle, K.A., Kumar, N., Rai, G.K., Singh, M. and Rai, R.D.(2012). Protection against heat stress in wheat involves change in cell membrane stability, antioxidant enzymes, osmolyte, H2O2 and transcript of heat shock protein. International Journal of Plant Physiology & Biochemistry, 4(4), 83-91.
Lamaoui, M., Jemo, M., Datla,R. andBekkaoui R.(2018). Heat and drought stress in crops and approaches for their management. Frontiers in Chemistry, 6(26), 1-14.
Li, B., Gao, K., Ren, H. and Tang, W.(2018). Molecular mechanism governing plant responses to high temperature. Journal of Integrative Plant Biology, 60, 757-779.
Li, M., Jannasch,A.H. and Jiang Y.(2020).Growth and Hormone Alterations in Response to Heat Stress in Perennial Ryegrass Accessions Differing in Heat Tolerance. Journal of Plant Growth Regulation, 39, 1022–1029.
Machado,S. and Paulsen G.M.(2001). Combined effects of drought and high temperature on water relations of wheat and sorghum. Plant and Soil, 233, 179–187.
MoEFCC(2021). India: Third Biennial Update Report to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. - Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change, Government of India,
Mohammad, A.R., Tarpley, L.(2009). Impact of High Nighttime Temperature on Respiration,Membrane Stability, Antioxidant Capacity, and Yield of Rice Plants. Crop Science,49, 313-322.
Mukhtar, T., Rehman, S. and Smith, D.(2020). Mitigation of heat stress in Solanum lycopersicum L. by ACC-deaminase and exoplysaccharide producing Bacillus ceres: Effect on biochemical profiling. Sustainability, 12, 2159-2207.
Naz, N., Durrani, F., Shah, Z., Khan, N.A. and Ullah, I.(2018). Influence of heat stress on growth and physiological activities of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.). Phyton, 87, 225-230
Niu,Y. and Xiang, Y.(2018). An Overview of Biomembrane Functions in Plant Responses to High-Temperature Stress. Frontiers in Plant Science, 9, 915-932.
Park, C.J., & Seo, Y.S. (2015). Heat shock proteins: a review of the molecular chaperones for plant immunity. The plant pathology journal, 31(4), 323.
Poudel, P.B., Poudel, M.R.(2020). Heat stress effects and tolerance in wheat: A review. - Journal of Biology and Today's World. 9: 217.
Prasad, P.V.V. and Staggenborg S.A.(2008). Impacts of Drought and/or Heat Stress on Physiological, Developmental, Growth, and Yield Processes of Crop Plants. Response of crops to limited water: Understanding and modeling water stress effects on plant growth processes. In: Advances in Agricultural Systems Modeling Series 1, pp.301-355.
Sarwar, M., Saleem, M.F. and Ullah N.(2019). Role of mineral nutrition in alleviation of heat stress in cotton plants grown in glasshouse and field conditions. Scientific Report, 9, 13022.
Sharma, I., Kaur,M. and Pati, P.K.(2017). Brassinosteroids: A Promising Option in Deciphering Remedial Strategies for Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Rice. Frontiers in Plant Science, 8, 2151.
Sharma, L., Dalal, M., Verma, R.K., Kumar, S.V.V., Yadav, S. K., Pushkar, S. (2018): Auxin protects spikelet fertility and grain yield under drought and heat stresses in rice. Environmental and Experimental Botany, 150, 9-24.
Sharma, R., Sharma, R., Sudan, J., Salgotra, R.K. and Singh R.(2017). Alterations in cellular membrane stability due to heat stress in different genotypes of bread wheat. Electronic Journal of Plant Breeding, 8, 1022-1027.
Shen, H.F., Zhao, B., Xu, J.J., Liang, W., Huang, W.M. and Li, H.H. (2017). Effects of heat stress on changes in physiology and anatomy in two cultivars of Rhododendron. South African Journal of Botany, 112, 338-345.
Siddiqui, M.H., Al-Khaishany, M.Y., Al-Qutami, M.Y., Al-Whaibi, M.H., Grover, A., Ali, H.M. and Al-Wahibi, M.S.(2015). Morphological and physiological characterization of different genotypes of faba bean under heat stress. Saudi Journal of Biological Science, 22, 656-663.
Singh, A., Sharma, M.K. andSenger, R.S. (2017).Osmolytes Proline metabolism in plants as sensors of abiotic stress. Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 9 (4), 2079 -2092.
Singh, B., Salaria, N., Thakur, K., Kukreja, S., Gautam, S. and Goutam, U.(2019). Functional genomic approachesto crop plant heat stress tolerance. F1000Research, 8, 1721.
Usman, M.G., Rafii, M.Y., Ismail, M.R., Malek, M.A., Latif,M.A. andOladosu Y.(2014). Heat Shock Proteins: Functions and Response Against Heat Stress in Plants. International Journal of Scientific & Technology Research, 3, 204-218.
Van Es, S.W.(2020). Too hot to handle, the adverse effect of heat stress on crop yield. Physiologia Plantarum, 169, 499-500.
Vidhyavardhini, B.(2019). Does Application of Brassinosteroids mitigate the Temperature Stress in Plants. International Journal of Geology and Earth Sciences, 1, 59-65.
Wahdi, A., Gilani, S., Ashraf, M. andFoolad, M.R.(2007). Heat tolerance in plants: An overview. Environmental and Experimental Botany, 61, 199-223.
Wahid, A. and Close, T.J.(2007). Expression of dehydrins under heat stress and their relationship with water relation of sugarcane leaves. Biol. Plant, 51, 104-109.
Wang, D., Heckathron, S.A., Mainali, K. andTripathee R.(2016). Timing effects of heat stress on ecophysiological characteristics and growth. Frontiers in Plant Science,7, 1629.
Waraich, E.A., Ahmad, R., Halim,A. and Aziz T.(2012). Alleviation of temperature stress by nutrient management in crop plants: a review. Journal of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, 12, 221-244.
WMO (2020). Provisional Report - State of Global Climate
Wu, Y.S. and Yang C.Y.(2019). Ethylene-mediated signaling confers thermotolerance and regulates transcript levels of heat shock factors in rice seedlings under heat stress. Bot Stud.60: 1-12.
Xu, Z.S., Li, Z.Y., Chen, Y., Chen, M., Li, L.C. & Ma,Y.Z. (2012). Heat shock protein 90 in plants: molecular mechanisms and roles in stress responses. International Journal of Molecular Science, 13:15706–15723.
Zheng, Y., Yang, Z., Xu, C., Wang, L., Huang,H. and Yang S.(2020). The Interactive Effects of Daytime High Temperature and Humidity on Growth and Endogenous Hormone Concentration of Tomato Seedlings. Hort Science. 55: 1575-1583.
Akhi, M.Z., Haque, M.M. & Biswas, M.S.(2021). Role of secondary metabolites to attenuate stress damages in plants. In: Antioxidants-Benefits, Sources, Mechanisms of Action. IntechOpen
Alhaithloul & Haifa, A.S.(2019). Impact of Combined Heat and Drought Stress on the Potential Growth Responses of the Desert Grass Artemisia sieberi alba: Relation to Biochemical and Molecular Adaptation, Plants, 8, 416.
Al-Whaibi, M.H.(2011). Plant Heat shock proteins: Mini-review. Journal of King Saudi Univiversity Science, 23, 139-150.
Austen, H., Walker, H.J., Lake, J.A., Phoenix, G.K. and Cameron, D.D.(2019). The Regulation of Plant Secondary Metabolism in Response to Abiotic Stress: Interactions Between Heat Shock and Elevated CO2. Front in Plant Science, 10, 1463.
Barnabas, B., Jager, K. and Feher K.(2007). The effect of drought and heat stress on reproductive process in cereals. Plant Cell Environment, 31, 11-38.
Brown, P.B. andZeiher C.A.(2021). Cotton Heat Stress. Cotton: -A College of Agriculture Report. College of Agriculture., University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), pp.91-104.
Campobenedetto, C., Grange, E., Mannino, G., Van Arkel, J., Beekwilder, J., Karlova, R., Garabello, C., Contartese, V. andBertea, C.M. (2020). A Biostimulant Seed Treatment Improved Heat Stress Tolerance During Cucumber Seed Germination by Acting on the Antioxidant System and Glyoxylate Cycle. Frontiers in Plant Science, 11, 836.
Cossani, C.M. and Reynolds, M.P.(2012). Physiological Traits for Improving Heat Tolerance in Wheat. Plant Physiology, 160, 1710–1718.
DeBlock, M.,Verduyn, C., De Brouwer, D. and Cornelissen M.(2005). Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase in plants affects energy homeostasis, cell death and stress tolerance. The Plant Journal, 41, 95-106.
Dinesh, A., Muralidhara, B., Gangurde, S. and More, Y.(2016). Molecular response of plants to drought, cold and heat stress-a review. Annual Review of Plant Biology, 10, 1–8.
Dreidonks, N., Rieu, I. andVriezen W.H.(2016). Breeding for plant heat tolerance at vegetative and reproductive stages. Plant Reproduction, 29, 67–79.
El Sabagh.(2020). Maize adaptability to heat stress under changing climate. In: Plant Stress Physiology, IntechOpen.
El-Daim, I., Bejai, S. and Meijer J.(2014). Improved heat stress tolerance of wheat seedlings by bacterial seed treatment. Plant and Soil, 37, 337-350.
Fahad, S., Bajwa, A.A., Nazir, U., Anjum, S.A., Farooq, A., Zohaib, A., Sadia, S., Nasim, W., Adkins, S., Saud, S., Ihsan, M.Z., Alharby, H., Wu, C., Wang, D. and Huang J.(2017). Crop Production under Drought and Heat Stress: Plant Responses and Management. Front in Plant Science, 8, 1147.
Fahad, S., Hussain,S. and Saud S.(2016). Exogenously applied plant growth regulators affect heat stressed rice pollens. Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science, 202, 139-150.
FAO.(2021). The impact of disasters and crises on agriculture and food security. Rome.
Ferrante, A. andMariani, L. (2018). Agronomic Management for Enhancing Plant Tolerance to Abiotic Stresses: High and Low Values of Temperature, Light Intensity, and Relative Humidity. Horticulturae, 4, 1-19.
Hallajian, M.T.(2016).Mutation breeding and drought stress tolerance in plants. - In: Drought stress tolerance in plants, Springer., Cham, pp. 359–383.
Haworth, M., Marino, G., Brunetti, C., Killi, D., De Carlo,A. andCentritto M.(2018). The Impact of Heat Stress and Water Deficit on the Photosynthetic and Stomatal Physiology of Olive (Olea europaea L.) - A Case Study of the 2017 Heat Wave. Plants, 7, 76.
Hemantaranjan, A., Nishant Bhanu, A., Singh, M.N., Yadav, D.K. and Patel P.K.(2014). Heat Stress Responses and Thermotolerance. Advances in Plants & Agriculture Research, 1, 00012.
Hemantaranjan, A., Nishant Bhanu,A. andLalotra S.(2020). Plant Responses to Heat Stress and Thermotolerance. Journal of Agriculture and Forest Meteorlogy Research, 3, 361-366.
Iqbal, M., Raja, N.I., Yasmeen, F., Hussain,M. and Ejaz M.(2017). Impacts of Heat Stress on Wheat: A Critical Review. Advances in Crop Science and Technology, 5, 251-261.
Isah, T.(2019). Stress and defense responses in plant secondary metabolites production. Biological Research, 52, 39.
Janni, M., Gulli, M., Maestri, E., Marmiroli, M., Valliyodan, B., Nguyen, H.T. andMarmirolli N.(2020). Molecular and genetic bases of heat stress responses in crop plants and breeding for increased resilience and productivity. Journal of Experimental Botany, 71, 3780-3802.
Jha, U.C., Bohra,A. and Singh N.P.(2014). Heat stress in crop plants: its nature, impacts and integrated breeding strategies to improve heat tolerance. Plant Breeding, 133, 679–701.
Kaur, R., Kaur,S. and Sandhu S.S.(2017). Effect of terminal heat stress in wheat and its management with chemicals in north India. Agriculture Resarch Journal, 54, 114-116.
Kaushal, N., Bhandari, K., Siddique, K.H.M., Nayyar, H.I., Moral, M.T.(2016). Food crops face rising temperatures: An overview of responses, adaptive mechanisms, and approaches to improve heat tolerance. Cogent Food & Agriculture, 2, 1-4.
Kondamudi, R., Swamy, K.N., Chakravarthy, D.V.N., Vishnuprasanth, V., Rao, Y.V., Rao, P.R., Sarla, N., Subrahmanyam, D. and Volet, S.R.(2012). Heat Stress in Rice – Physiological Mechanisms and Adaptation Strategies. In: Crop stress and its management: Perspectives and strategies, Springer., pp. 193-224.
Kothari, A., Lachowiec, J.(2021). Roles of Brassinosteroids in Mitigating Heat Stress Damage in Cereal Crops. International Journal of Molecular Science, 22, 2706.
Kumar, R.R., Goswami, S., Sharma, S.K., Singh, K., Gadpayle, K.A., Kumar, N., Rai, G.K., Singh, M. and Rai, R.D.(2012). Protection against heat stress in wheat involves change in cell membrane stability, antioxidant enzymes, osmolyte, H2O2 and transcript of heat shock protein. International Journal of Plant Physiology & Biochemistry, 4(4), 83-91.
Lamaoui, M., Jemo, M., Datla,R. andBekkaoui R.(2018). Heat and drought stress in crops and approaches for their management. Frontiers in Chemistry, 6(26), 1-14.
Li, B., Gao, K., Ren, H. and Tang, W.(2018). Molecular mechanism governing plant responses to high temperature. Journal of Integrative Plant Biology, 60, 757-779.
Li, M., Jannasch,A.H. and Jiang Y.(2020).Growth and Hormone Alterations in Response to Heat Stress in Perennial Ryegrass Accessions Differing in Heat Tolerance. Journal of Plant Growth Regulation, 39, 1022–1029.
Machado,S. and Paulsen G.M.(2001). Combined effects of drought and high temperature on water relations of wheat and sorghum. Plant and Soil, 233, 179–187.
MoEFCC(2021). India: Third Biennial Update Report to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. - Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change, Government of India,
Mohammad, A.R., Tarpley, L.(2009). Impact of High Nighttime Temperature on Respiration,Membrane Stability, Antioxidant Capacity, and Yield of Rice Plants. Crop Science,49, 313-322.
Mukhtar, T., Rehman, S. and Smith, D.(2020). Mitigation of heat stress in Solanum lycopersicum L. by ACC-deaminase and exoplysaccharide producing Bacillus ceres: Effect on biochemical profiling. Sustainability, 12, 2159-2207.
Naz, N., Durrani, F., Shah, Z., Khan, N.A. and Ullah, I.(2018). Influence of heat stress on growth and physiological activities of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.). Phyton, 87, 225-230
Niu,Y. and Xiang, Y.(2018). An Overview of Biomembrane Functions in Plant Responses to High-Temperature Stress. Frontiers in Plant Science, 9, 915-932.
Park, C.J., & Seo, Y.S. (2015). Heat shock proteins: a review of the molecular chaperones for plant immunity. The plant pathology journal, 31(4), 323.
Poudel, P.B., Poudel, M.R.(2020). Heat stress effects and tolerance in wheat: A review. - Journal of Biology and Today's World. 9: 217.
Prasad, P.V.V. and Staggenborg S.A.(2008). Impacts of Drought and/or Heat Stress on Physiological, Developmental, Growth, and Yield Processes of Crop Plants. Response of crops to limited water: Understanding and modeling water stress effects on plant growth processes. In: Advances in Agricultural Systems Modeling Series 1, pp.301-355.
Sarwar, M., Saleem, M.F. and Ullah N.(2019). Role of mineral nutrition in alleviation of heat stress in cotton plants grown in glasshouse and field conditions. Scientific Report, 9, 13022.
Sharma, I., Kaur,M. and Pati, P.K.(2017). Brassinosteroids: A Promising Option in Deciphering Remedial Strategies for Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Rice. Frontiers in Plant Science, 8, 2151.
Sharma, L., Dalal, M., Verma, R.K., Kumar, S.V.V., Yadav, S. K., Pushkar, S. (2018): Auxin protects spikelet fertility and grain yield under drought and heat stresses in rice. Environmental and Experimental Botany, 150, 9-24.
Sharma, R., Sharma, R., Sudan, J., Salgotra, R.K. and Singh R.(2017). Alterations in cellular membrane stability due to heat stress in different genotypes of bread wheat. Electronic Journal of Plant Breeding, 8, 1022-1027.
Shen, H.F., Zhao, B., Xu, J.J., Liang, W., Huang, W.M. and Li, H.H. (2017). Effects of heat stress on changes in physiology and anatomy in two cultivars of Rhododendron. South African Journal of Botany, 112, 338-345.
Siddiqui, M.H., Al-Khaishany, M.Y., Al-Qutami, M.Y., Al-Whaibi, M.H., Grover, A., Ali, H.M. and Al-Wahibi, M.S.(2015). Morphological and physiological characterization of different genotypes of faba bean under heat stress. Saudi Journal of Biological Science, 22, 656-663.
Singh, A., Sharma, M.K. andSenger, R.S. (2017).Osmolytes Proline metabolism in plants as sensors of abiotic stress. Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 9 (4), 2079 -2092.
Singh, B., Salaria, N., Thakur, K., Kukreja, S., Gautam, S. and Goutam, U.(2019). Functional genomic approachesto crop plant heat stress tolerance. F1000Research, 8, 1721.
Usman, M.G., Rafii, M.Y., Ismail, M.R., Malek, M.A., Latif,M.A. andOladosu Y.(2014). Heat Shock Proteins: Functions and Response Against Heat Stress in Plants. International Journal of Scientific & Technology Research, 3, 204-218.
Van Es, S.W.(2020). Too hot to handle, the adverse effect of heat stress on crop yield. Physiologia Plantarum, 169, 499-500.
Vidhyavardhini, B.(2019). Does Application of Brassinosteroids mitigate the Temperature Stress in Plants. International Journal of Geology and Earth Sciences, 1, 59-65.
Wahdi, A., Gilani, S., Ashraf, M. andFoolad, M.R.(2007). Heat tolerance in plants: An overview. Environmental and Experimental Botany, 61, 199-223.
Wahid, A. and Close, T.J.(2007). Expression of dehydrins under heat stress and their relationship with water relation of sugarcane leaves. Biol. Plant, 51, 104-109.
Wang, D., Heckathron, S.A., Mainali, K. andTripathee R.(2016). Timing effects of heat stress on ecophysiological characteristics and growth. Frontiers in Plant Science,7, 1629.
Waraich, E.A., Ahmad, R., Halim,A. and Aziz T.(2012). Alleviation of temperature stress by nutrient management in crop plants: a review. Journal of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, 12, 221-244.
WMO (2020). Provisional Report - State of Global Climate
Wu, Y.S. and Yang C.Y.(2019). Ethylene-mediated signaling confers thermotolerance and regulates transcript levels of heat shock factors in rice seedlings under heat stress. Bot Stud.60: 1-12.
Xu, Z.S., Li, Z.Y., Chen, Y., Chen, M., Li, L.C. & Ma,Y.Z. (2012). Heat shock protein 90 in plants: molecular mechanisms and roles in stress responses. International Journal of Molecular Science, 13:15706–15723.
Zheng, Y., Yang, Z., Xu, C., Wang, L., Huang,H. and Yang S.(2020). The Interactive Effects of Daytime High Temperature and Humidity on Growth and Endogenous Hormone Concentration of Tomato Seedlings. Hort Science. 55: 1575-1583.
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How to Cite
Physiological impact of heat stress and their alleviation measures in agriculture: A review. (2023). Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 15(4), 1741-1749. https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v15i4.4532
