Agricultural eco-efficiency and water footprint- A case study of fifteen crops in the Chupaca province of Peru
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Abstract
The water footprint is an indicator of the impact of water use from its formation to its final destination. Agricultural eco-efficiency measures the efficient use of resources or materials available for crop production. Water's economic productivity analyses a product's efficient value as per its water supply and commercial value. The present research aimed to determine and relate the water footprint, economic productivity of water and agricultural eco-efficiency of 15 crops in the province of Chupaca - Peru. Georeferencing material was used for the delimitation of agricultural species, CROPWAT 8.0, CLIMWAT8.0, ArcGis 10.5 software, mathematical equations for the water footprint, agricultural eco-efficiency (Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA)) and economic productivity of water. The Total water footprint (TWF) of the fifteen crops was 1718237.01 m3/ton, likewise the BlueWF > GreenWF > GreyWF. In their economic outputs, gross value of production (GVP) > agricultural production (Ag-p) > economic rent agricultural (ERA) was verified. In environmental costs, water consumption that meets the needs of crops (Wc-Ag) > consumption of phytosanitary products (C-fly) > fertilizer consumption (C-fe) was determined. The average Agricultural eco-efficiency (Ag-Eec) and Economic water productivity (Ewp) were 89.8% and 0.046 PEN/m3 respectively. Statistical analysis between Ewp and Ag-Eec was rho = 0.18, t-test = 0.66 < 2.16 (α = 0.05; bilateral), and the correlation indicated that both activities are independent. The environmental costs and economic outputs of agricultural eco-efficiency did not influence the economic value of water.
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Keywords
Economic outputs, Economic value of water, Environmental costs, Water footprint
References
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Benavides, P., Bullón, J. & García, J. (2018). Quality of agricultural soils and profitability in potato and cereal crops in the province of Chupaca – Junín, 2017. Prospectiva Universitaria, 15(1), 27–35. https://doi.org/10.26490/uncp.prospectivauniversitaria.2018.15.850
Charnes, A., Cooper, W. W. & Rhodes, E. (1978). Measuring the efficiency of decision making units. European Journal of Operational Research, 2(6), 429–444. https://doi.org/10.1016/0377-2217(78)90138-8
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MINCETUR. (2023). Agroexportaciones peruanas rompen récord y superan los US$ 9 800 millones en 2022. Oficina de Comunicaciones y Protocolo Del Ministerio de Comercio Exterior y Turismo. https://www.gob.pe/institucion/mincetur/noticias/699408-agroexportaciones-peruanas-rompen-record-y-superan-los-us-9-800-millones-en-2022
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Novoa, V., Ahumada-Rudolph, R., Rojas, O., Sáez, K., de la Barrera, F. & Arumí, J. L. (2019). Understanding agricultural water footprint variability to improve water management in Chile. Science of the Total Environment, 670, 188–199. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.03.127
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Palomares, M. B., Acevedo, R. R., Reymundo, B. Q. & Flores, S. C. (2021). Urban form and Urban-Agricultural Eco-Efficiency as an Indicator for Sustainable Urban Development in Huancayo Province, Peru. Asian Journal of Agricultural Extension, Economics & Sociology, 39(6), 103–117. https://doi.org/10.9734/ajaees/2021/v39i630598
Pang, J., Chen, X., Zhang, Z. & Li, H. (2016). Measuring eco-efficiency of agriculture in China. Sustainability (Switzerland), 8(4), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.3390/su8040398
Rojas, W. (2016). Impact of the farmer-to-farmer methodology and food security in the district of San Juan de Jarpa - Chupaca - 2015 [National University of Central Peru]. In National University of Central Peru. https://repositorio.uncp.edu.pe/bitstream/handle/20.500.1289 4/4141/Rojas Carhuamaca.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
Rybaczewska, M. & Gierulski, W. (2018). Eco-efficiency evaluation of agricultural production in the EU-28. Sustainability (Switzerland), 10(12), 1–21. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10124544
Tamayo, F. A. (2017). Classification of Quinoa Producers of the Junin Region Using Multivariate Analysis Techniques [Molina National Agrarian University]. In Molina National Agrarian University (Vol. 1, Issue 1). https://repositorio.lamolina.edu.pe/bitstream/handle/UNALM/3464/tamayo-medina-franz-abelardo.pdf?sequence=3&isAllowed=y
van Grinsven, H. J. M., van Eerdt, M. M., Westhoek, H. & Kruitwagen, S. (2019). Benchmarking Eco-Efficiency and Footprints of Dutch Agriculture in European Context and Implications for Policies for Climate and Environment. Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems, 3(March), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.3389/fsufs.2019.00013
Verástegui, P. (2019). Analysis of garlic (Allium sativum) production and agribusiness strategies in the Chupaca province, Junín Region 2019 [National University of Huancavelica]. In National University of Huancavelica (Vol. 1, Issue 1). https://repositorio.unh.edu.pe/bitstream/handle/UNH/3387/TESIS-MAESTRIA-CIENCIAS AGRARIAS-2019-VERÁSTEGUI MARTÍNEZ.pdf?sequence=1& isAllowed=y
Wang, W. & Ye, Y. (2017). Evaluation of agricultural ecological efficiency and its improvement measures in China taking Guizhou province as an example. Nature Environment and Pollution Technology, 16(2), 515–521. http://neptjournal.com/upload-images/NL-60-25-(23)G-111c om.pdf
WBCSD. (1996). Eco-efficient Leadership for Improved Economic and Environmental Performance. World Business Council for Sustainable Development, 1–16.
Aquino, P. (2017). Water quality in Peru. Challenges and contributions for sustainable wastewater management. In DAR (Ed.), Law, Environment and Natural Resources (DAR) (Derecho, A, Vol. 1). DAR. https://www.dar.org.pe/archivos/publicacion/176_aguasresiduales.pdf
Araya, A., Habtu, S., Haile, M., Sisay, F. & Dejene, T. (2011). Determination of Local Barley (Hordeum vulgare) Crop Coefficient and Comparative Assessment of Water Productivity for Crops Grown Under the Present Pond Water in Tigray, Northern Ethiopia. Momona Ethiopian Journal of Science, 3(1), 65–79. https://doi.org/10.4314/mejs.v3i1.63686
Benavides, P., Bullón, J. & García, J. (2018). Quality of agricultural soils and profitability in potato and cereal crops in the province of Chupaca – Junín, 2017. Prospectiva Universitaria, 15(1), 27–35. https://doi.org/10.26490/uncp.prospectivauniversitaria.2018.15.850
Charnes, A., Cooper, W. W. & Rhodes, E. (1978). Measuring the efficiency of decision making units. European Journal of Operational Research, 2(6), 429–444. https://doi.org/10.1016/0377-2217(78)90138-8
Donoso, G., Blanco, E., Franco, G. & Lira, J. (2016). Water footprints and irrigated agricultural sustainability: the case of Chile. International Journal of Water Resources Development, 32(5), 738–748. https://doi.org/10.1080/07900627.2015.1070710
FAO. (1993). Fertilizers and their use. World Fertilizer Use Manual (Ifa), 20(12), 83. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1681.1993.tb03018.x
FAO. (2015). Crop evapotranspiration. Guidelines for determining crop water requirements. In FAO (Ed.), FAO Irrigation and Drainage Study (Vol. 45, Issue 1). FAO. http://www.fao.org/3/x0490s/x0490s.pdf
Garrido, A., Llamas, R., Varela-Ortega, C., Novo, P., Rodríguez-Casado, R. & Aldaya, M. (2019). Water Footprint and Virtual Water Trade in Spain. In Springer (Ed.), Natural Resource Management and Policy (Springer, Vol. 53, Issue 9). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781107415324.004
Georgopoulou, A., Angelis-Dimakis, A., Arampatzis, G. & Assimacopoulos, D. (2016). Improving the eco-efficiency of an agricultural water use system. Desalination and Water Treatment, 57(25), 11484–11493. https://doi.org/10.1080/19443994.2015.1058727
Hoekstra, A., Chapagain, A., Aldaya, M. & Mekonnen, M. (2011). The Water Footprint Assessment Manual. Setting the Global Standard. In Social and Environmental Accountability Journal (FSC, Vol. 31, Issue 2). earthscan. https://doi.org/10.1080/0969160x.2011.593864
Hoekstra, A. & Mekonnen, M. (2011). Global water scarcity: the monthly blue water footprint compared to blue water availability for the world’s major river basins. In UNESCO-IHE (Ed.), Water (Issue 53). http://www.waterfootprint.org/Reports/Report53-GlobalBlueWaterScarcity.pdf
Ibidhi, R. & Ben, H. (2019). Water footprint and economic water productivity assessment of eight dairy cattle farms based on field measurement. Animal, 14(Jan), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1751731119001526
Kahramanoğlu, İ., Usanmaz, S., & Alas, T. (2019). Water footprint and irrigation use efficiency of important crops in Northern Cyprus from an environmental, economic and dietary perspective. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences, 27(1), 134–141. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sjbs.2019.06.005
Kellerman, A. (1978). Determinants of Rent from Agricultural Land Around Metropolitan Areas. Geographical Analysis, 10(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1538-4632.1978.tb00641.x
Kim, I. & Kim, K. S. (2019). Estimation of water footprint for major agricultural and livestock products in Korea. Sustainability (Switzerland), 11(10), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11102980
Knoema. (2021, June 24). Agricultural land (% of land area) (%). World Data Atlas Maps Land Userea. New at Knoema — Commodities Data Hub. https://knoema.com/atlas/maps/Agricultural-land-as-a-share-of-land-area
Kuosmanen, T. & Kortelainen, M. (2005). Measuring Eco-efficiency of Production with Data Envelopment Analysis. Journal of Industrial Ecology, 9(4), 59–72. https://doi.org/10.1162/108819805775247846
Masud, M. B., McAllister, T., Cordeiro, M. R. C. & Faramarzi, M. (2018). Modeling future water footprint of barley production in Alberta, Canada: Implications for water use and yields to 2064. Science of the Total Environment, 616–617, 208–222. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.11.004
MINCETUR. (2023). Agroexportaciones peruanas rompen récord y superan los US$ 9 800 millones en 2022. Oficina de Comunicaciones y Protocolo Del Ministerio de Comercio Exterior y Turismo. https://www.gob.pe/institucion/mincetur/noticias/699408-agroexportaciones-peruanas-rompen-record-y-superan-los-us-9-800-millones-en-2022
Moutinho, V., Robaina, M. & Macedo, P. (2018). Economic-environmental efficiency of European agriculture – A generalized maximum entropy approach. Agricultural Economics (Czech Republic), 64(10), 423–435. https://doi.org/10.17221/45/2017-AGRICECON
Novoa, V., Ahumada-Rudolph, R., Rojas, O., Sáez, K., de la Barrera, F. & Arumí, J. L. (2019). Understanding agricultural water footprint variability to improve water management in Chile. Science of the Total Environment, 670, 188–199. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.03.127
OECD. (2021). Water Governance in Peru Autor: In OECD (Ed.), OECD (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development) Studies on Water (OECD Studi). Paris Publishing Company. https://doi.org/10.178 7/568847b5-en
Omran, E.-S. E. & Negm, A. M. (2020). Introduction to “Technological and Modern Irrigation Environment in Egypt: Best Management Practices and Evaluation.” In S. Water (Ed.), Springer Water (Springer W). Springer Water. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-30375-4
Palomares, M. B., Acevedo, R. R., Reymundo, B. Q. & Flores, S. C. (2021). Urban form and Urban-Agricultural Eco-Efficiency as an Indicator for Sustainable Urban Development in Huancayo Province, Peru. Asian Journal of Agricultural Extension, Economics & Sociology, 39(6), 103–117. https://doi.org/10.9734/ajaees/2021/v39i630598
Pang, J., Chen, X., Zhang, Z. & Li, H. (2016). Measuring eco-efficiency of agriculture in China. Sustainability (Switzerland), 8(4), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.3390/su8040398
Rojas, W. (2016). Impact of the farmer-to-farmer methodology and food security in the district of San Juan de Jarpa - Chupaca - 2015 [National University of Central Peru]. In National University of Central Peru. https://repositorio.uncp.edu.pe/bitstream/handle/20.500.1289 4/4141/Rojas Carhuamaca.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
Rybaczewska, M. & Gierulski, W. (2018). Eco-efficiency evaluation of agricultural production in the EU-28. Sustainability (Switzerland), 10(12), 1–21. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10124544
Tamayo, F. A. (2017). Classification of Quinoa Producers of the Junin Region Using Multivariate Analysis Techniques [Molina National Agrarian University]. In Molina National Agrarian University (Vol. 1, Issue 1). https://repositorio.lamolina.edu.pe/bitstream/handle/UNALM/3464/tamayo-medina-franz-abelardo.pdf?sequence=3&isAllowed=y
van Grinsven, H. J. M., van Eerdt, M. M., Westhoek, H. & Kruitwagen, S. (2019). Benchmarking Eco-Efficiency and Footprints of Dutch Agriculture in European Context and Implications for Policies for Climate and Environment. Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems, 3(March), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.3389/fsufs.2019.00013
Verástegui, P. (2019). Analysis of garlic (Allium sativum) production and agribusiness strategies in the Chupaca province, Junín Region 2019 [National University of Huancavelica]. In National University of Huancavelica (Vol. 1, Issue 1). https://repositorio.unh.edu.pe/bitstream/handle/UNH/3387/TESIS-MAESTRIA-CIENCIAS AGRARIAS-2019-VERÁSTEGUI MARTÍNEZ.pdf?sequence=1& isAllowed=y
Wang, W. & Ye, Y. (2017). Evaluation of agricultural ecological efficiency and its improvement measures in China taking Guizhou province as an example. Nature Environment and Pollution Technology, 16(2), 515–521. http://neptjournal.com/upload-images/NL-60-25-(23)G-111c om.pdf
WBCSD. (1996). Eco-efficient Leadership for Improved Economic and Environmental Performance. World Business Council for Sustainable Development, 1–16.
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Agricultural eco-efficiency and water footprint- A case study of fifteen crops in the Chupaca province of Peru. (2023). Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 15(4), 1627-1635. https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v15i4.4410
