Impact of alternate wetting and drying irrigation and brown manuring on water use, weed control and yield of drum seeded rice
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Abstract
Direct-seeded rice (DSR) is a cost-effective and environmentally friendly method of crop establishment. Weed menaces in DSR considerably reduce the yield potential, which can be addressed by effective irrigation and weed management practices. Information on the impact of various water-saving irrigations and brown manure (BM) on water use, weed studies, and the yield of drum-sown rice is very limited. A field investigation was conducted to determine the effects of alternate wetting and drying irrigation (AWDI) methods (10 cm, 15 cm dropped from FWT and farmers practices) and BM (Sesbania at 15, 20 and 25 kg ha-1, Pretilachlor 0.45 kg ha-1 as PE fbBispyribac Na 25 g ha-1 as PoE + hand weeding (HW) on 45 DAS, HW at 20 and 45 DAS, and weedy check. The results revealed that AWDI at 15 cm depletion of FWT with HW on 20 and 45 DAS increased the water use efficiency (5.3 kg ha mm-1), water productivity (0.53 kg m-3), water saving percentage (35.83%), and reduced the water consumption (770 mm). Continuous submergence with HW at 20 and 45 DAS significantly increased grain (4.4 t ha-1) and straw yield (6.5 t ha-1). At the same time, it reduced the grasses (53.3 and 58.4%) and sedges (76 and 75%), density and dry weight, respectively, over AWDI at 10 cm dropped from FWT. Thus, irrigation at 10 cm below FWT with sesbania BM at 20 kg ha-1 could be recommended for higher productivity of drum-sown rice under sodic soil conditions.
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Keywords
Brown manuring, Direct seeded rice, Field water tube, Grain yield, Water use efficiency
References
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Bhushan, L., Ladha, J. K., Gupta, R. K., Singh, S., Tirol-Padre A., Saharawat Y. S. & Pathak H. (2007) Saving of water and labor in a rice–wheat system with no‐tillage and direct seeding technologies. Agronomy Journal.99(5), 1288-12. https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj2006.0227
Chauhan, B. S. & Johnson, D. E. (2011).Ecological studies on Echinochloa crus-galli and the implications for weed management in direct-seeded rice. Journal of Crop Protection. 30(11), 1385-1391. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2011.07.013
Cordero-Lara, K. I. (2020). Temperate japonica rice (Oryza sativa L.) breeding: History, present and future challenges. Chilean Journal of Agricultural Research. 80(2), 303-314. DOI:10.4067/S0718-58392020000200303
Das, T. K. & Das, D. K. (2018). Using chemical seed dormancy breakers with herbicides for weed management in soybean and wheat. Weed Research. 58, 188–99. https://doi.org/10.1111/wre.12295
Gaire, R., Dahal, K. R. &Amgain, L. P. (2013). Effect of different mulching materials on weed dynamics and yield of direct seeded rice in Chitwan, Nepal. Agronomy Journal of Nepal. 3, 73-81. DOI: 10.3126/ajn.v3i0.9008
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Mote, K., Rao, V. P., Ramulu, V., Kumar, K. A. & Devi, M. U. (2017). Standardization of alternate wetting and drying (AWD) method of water management in low land rice (Oryza sativa L.). International Journal of Plant Production.11(4), 515-532.https://doi.org/10.1002/ird.2179
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Olsen, S. R., Watanabe, F. S., Cosper, H. R., Larson, W. E. & Nelson, L. B. (1954). Residual phosphorus availability in long-time rotations on calcareous soils. Soil Science, 78(2), 141-152.
Pooja, K. & Saravanane, P. (2021). Performance of rice cultivars with weed management practices in dry direct-seeded rice. Indian Journal of Weed Science, 53(1), 92-94. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/0974-8164.2021.00015.0
Rana, S. S. & Kumar, S. (2014). Research Techniques in Agronomy. Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture, CSK Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya, Palampur.
Rana, S.S., Sharma, N., Badiyala, D. & Kumar, R. (2017). Weed management in turmeric. Indian Journal of Weed Science. 49(1), 51–57. DOI: 10.5958/0974-8164.2017.00013.2
Sandhu, S. S., Mahal, S. S., Vashist, K. K., Buttar, G. S., Brar, A. S. & Singh, M. (2012). Crop and water productivity of bed transplanted rice as influenced by various levels of nitrogen and irrigation in northwest India. Agricultural Water Management.104, 32-39. DOI: 10.1016/j.agwat.2011.11.012
Santheepan, S. & Ramanathan, S. P. (2016). Investigation on AWDI method with field water tube for rice production under SRI. International Journal of Agricultural Science Research.6(3), 117-124.
Sen, S., Kaur, R. & Das, T. K. (2020). Weed management in dry direct-seeded rice: Assessing the impacts on weeds and crop. Indian Journal of Weed Science. 52(2), 169-174. DOI: 10.5958/0974-8164.2020.00030.1
Sen, S., Kaur, R., Das, T. K., Shivay, Y. S. & Nath, C. P. (2021). Weed control for sustaining rice production under dry seeding systems in North-Western India. International Journal of Pest Management. 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1080/09670874.2021.2014079
Stanford, G. & English, L. (1949). Use of the flame pho-tometer in rapid soil tests for K and Ca. Agronomy journal, 41 (9), 446-447
Statista. (2022). Retrieved from https://www.statista.com/statistics/765691/india-area-of-cultivation-for-rice
Viets, F. G. (1962). Fertilizers and the efficient use of water. Advances in Agronomy.14, 223-264. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2113(08)60439-3
Aslam, M., Hussain, S., Ramzan, M. & Akhter, M. (2008). Effect of different stand establishment techniques on rice yields and its attributes. Journal of Animal and Plant Sciences, 18(2-3), 80-82
Barla, S., Upasani, R. R. & Beck, A. M. (2021). Performance of direct-seeded rice under different nutrient and weed management practices. Indian Journal of Weed Science. 53(2), 135-141. DOI: 10.5958/0974-8164.2021.00025.3
Bhushan, L., Ladha, J. K., Gupta, R. K., Singh, S., Tirol-Padre A., Saharawat Y. S. & Pathak H. (2007) Saving of water and labor in a rice–wheat system with no‐tillage and direct seeding technologies. Agronomy Journal.99(5), 1288-12. https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj2006.0227
Chauhan, B. S. & Johnson, D. E. (2011).Ecological studies on Echinochloa crus-galli and the implications for weed management in direct-seeded rice. Journal of Crop Protection. 30(11), 1385-1391. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2011.07.013
Cordero-Lara, K. I. (2020). Temperate japonica rice (Oryza sativa L.) breeding: History, present and future challenges. Chilean Journal of Agricultural Research. 80(2), 303-314. DOI:10.4067/S0718-58392020000200303
Das, T. K. & Das, D. K. (2018). Using chemical seed dormancy breakers with herbicides for weed management in soybean and wheat. Weed Research. 58, 188–99. https://doi.org/10.1111/wre.12295
Gaire, R., Dahal, K. R. &Amgain, L. P. (2013). Effect of different mulching materials on weed dynamics and yield of direct seeded rice in Chitwan, Nepal. Agronomy Journal of Nepal. 3, 73-81. DOI: 10.3126/ajn.v3i0.9008
Gomez, K. A. & Gomez, A. A. (2010). Statistical Procedures for Agricultural Research. International Rice Research Institute. A Wiley-interscience Publication. Johnwiley and Sons, New York.
Goncalves, J. M., Nunes, M., Jordao, A., Ferreira, S., Eugenio, R., Bigeriego, J. &Bahcevandziev, K. (2021). The Challenges of Water Saving in Rice Irrigation: Field Assessment of Alternate Wetting and Drying Flooding and Drip Irrigation Techniques in the Lis Valley, Portugal. In International Conference on Water Energy Food and Sustainability, 93-102. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-75315-311
Indiastat.(2021).Retrhttps://www.indiastat.com.elibrary tnau.remotexs.in/table/agriculture/area-under-cultivation-foodgrains-india-1950-1951-/7417.
Ishfaq, M., Akbar, N., Anjum, S. A. &Anwar-Ijl-Haq, M. (2020). Growth, yield and water productivity of dry direct seeded rice and transplanted aromatic rice under different irrigation management regimes. Journal of Integrative Agriculture.19(11), 2656-2673. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2095-3119(19)62876-5
Isnawan, B. H., Hidayat, T. &Ansori, A. S. (2022). Application of Intermittent Irrigation to Improve Growth and Yield of Various Rice Varieties (Oryza sativa L.). In IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science (Vol. 985, No. 1, p. 012017). IOP Publishing.
Juraimi, A. S., Mohamad Najib, M. Y., Begum, M., Anuar, A.R., Azmi, M. &Puteh, A. (2009). Critical period of weed competition in direct seeded rice under saturated and flooded conditions. Pertanika Journal of Tropical Agricultural Science.32(2), 305–316.
Kang, J., Hao, X., Zhou, H., & Ding, R. (2021). An integrated strategy for improving water use efficiency by understanding physiological mechanisms of crops responding to water deficit: Present and prospect. Agricultural Water Management, 255, 107008. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2021.107008
Kulkarni, S. (2011). Innovative technologies for water saving in irrigated agriculture. International Journal of Water Resources and Arid Environments,1(3), 226-231.
Kumar, K. A., Reddy, M. D., Reddy, N. V. & Rao, K. S. (2006). Effect of irrigation scheduling on performance of summer rice (Oryza sativa L.). Oryza. 43(2), 97.
Kumar, R., Singh, A. K., Shanker, R., Singh, A. K., Bhushan, S., Kumawat, N. & Singh, A. K. (2020). Weed management practices on crop productivity and economics in dry-direct seeded rice under hill and plateau region of eastern India: Weed management practices on productivity of direct seeded rice. Journal of AgriSearch. 9(1), 12-15. https://doi.org/10.21921/jas.v9i01.9886
Lampayan, R. M. &Bouman, B. A. (2005). Management strategies for saving water and increasing its productivity in lowland rice-based ecosystems. In Asia-Europe Workshop on Sustainable Resource Management and Policy Options for Rice Ecosystems (SUMAPOL 2005), Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China.
Lampayan, R.M., Samoy-Pascual, K.C., Sibayan, E.B., Ella, V.B., Jayag, O.P., Cabangon, R.J. &Bouman, B.A.M. (2015). Effects of alternate wetting and drying (AWD) threshold level and plant seedling age on crop performance, water input, and water productivity of transplanted rice in Central Luzon, Philippines. Paddy Water Environment. 13, 215–227. DOI:10.1007/s10333-014-0423-5
Mohanapriya, R., Joseph, M., Rajakumar, D. & Gomathy, M. (2019). Influence of different irrigation methods and weed management practices on water use studies and yield of transplanted rice (Oryza sativa L.) in Thamirabarani command area. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry.8(3), 3901-3905.
Mote, K., Rao, V. P., Ramulu, V., Kumar, K. A. & Devi, M. U. (2017). Standardization of alternate wetting and drying (AWD) method of water management in low land rice (Oryza sativa L.). International Journal of Plant Production.11(4), 515-532.https://doi.org/10.1002/ird.2179
Nayaka GV, V., Reddy G, P. & Kumar, R. M. (2022). Nutrient dynamics of rice cultivars under different irrigation regimes and systems of cultivation. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, 1-17. DOI: 10.1080/00103624.2022.2071441
Olsen, S. R., Watanabe, F. S., Cosper, H. R., Larson, W. E. & Nelson, L. B. (1954). Residual phosphorus availability in long-time rotations on calcareous soils. Soil Science, 78(2), 141-152.
Pooja, K. & Saravanane, P. (2021). Performance of rice cultivars with weed management practices in dry direct-seeded rice. Indian Journal of Weed Science, 53(1), 92-94. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/0974-8164.2021.00015.0
Rana, S. S. & Kumar, S. (2014). Research Techniques in Agronomy. Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture, CSK Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya, Palampur.
Rana, S.S., Sharma, N., Badiyala, D. & Kumar, R. (2017). Weed management in turmeric. Indian Journal of Weed Science. 49(1), 51–57. DOI: 10.5958/0974-8164.2017.00013.2
Sandhu, S. S., Mahal, S. S., Vashist, K. K., Buttar, G. S., Brar, A. S. & Singh, M. (2012). Crop and water productivity of bed transplanted rice as influenced by various levels of nitrogen and irrigation in northwest India. Agricultural Water Management.104, 32-39. DOI: 10.1016/j.agwat.2011.11.012
Santheepan, S. & Ramanathan, S. P. (2016). Investigation on AWDI method with field water tube for rice production under SRI. International Journal of Agricultural Science Research.6(3), 117-124.
Sen, S., Kaur, R. & Das, T. K. (2020). Weed management in dry direct-seeded rice: Assessing the impacts on weeds and crop. Indian Journal of Weed Science. 52(2), 169-174. DOI: 10.5958/0974-8164.2020.00030.1
Sen, S., Kaur, R., Das, T. K., Shivay, Y. S. & Nath, C. P. (2021). Weed control for sustaining rice production under dry seeding systems in North-Western India. International Journal of Pest Management. 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1080/09670874.2021.2014079
Stanford, G. & English, L. (1949). Use of the flame pho-tometer in rapid soil tests for K and Ca. Agronomy journal, 41 (9), 446-447
Statista. (2022). Retrieved from https://www.statista.com/statistics/765691/india-area-of-cultivation-for-rice
Viets, F. G. (1962). Fertilizers and the efficient use of water. Advances in Agronomy.14, 223-264. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2113(08)60439-3
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How to Cite
Impact of alternate wetting and drying irrigation and brown manuring on water use, weed control and yield of drum seeded rice. (2023). Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 15(1), 75-84. https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v15i1.4208
