Nutritional qualities and fluoride content of different date (Phoenix dactylifer) varieties consumed in Morocco
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Abstract
The date is a fruit of the palm family (Phoenix dactylifer), grown in Morocco in the southern regions. It is a very important fruit in the Moroccan table, especially during Ramadan (9th month of the Islamic calendar, a lunar calendar consisting of 354 days), where it becomes an essential food that is very nutritious and invigorating to the breaking of the fast added to milk. The present work aimed to determine the contents of mineral elements (fluorine, calcium, magnesium and chlorides) and sugar levels (Brix, glucose) of 12 varieties: Ajwa (Saudi Arabia), Deglet nour (Algeria), Anbara (Saudi Arabia), Anbara (United Arab Emirates), Boufeggous (Errachidia; Morocco), Aziza (Figuig; Morocco), Majhoul (Erfoud; Morocco) Majhoul (Errachidia; Morocco), Elkhalsse (Tafilalt; Morocco) Tarzawa (Tafilalt; Morocco), Deglet nour (Tunisia), Majhoul Sghir (Tafilalt; Morocco)) of dates marketed in Morocco of North African and Middle Eastern origin. Fluoride analyses were performed using a fluoride-specific ion electrode (HI-4110). The analyses of Ca, Mg, Cl and glucose levels were performed by Spectrophotometric methods. The results of the fluoride levels revealed in the different varieties of dates varied from 0.26 to 1.05 mg in 100g of fresh weight. The sucrose and glucose levels varied between 11.8 g to 17.75 g and 18 to 40.9 g in 100g of fresh date weight, respectively. The Mg, Ca and Cl levels varied between 46.89 to 93.71mg, 11.20 to 279.28 mg and 30.66 to 47.33 mg in 100g fresh date weight, respectively. Thus, it is possible to classify the varieties of dates on the basis of their nutritional qualities and mode of consumption and to warn the population about their consumption in excess with the risk (if any) of an attack of dental or osseous fluorosis.
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Keywords
Dates, Fluoride, Morocco, Phoenix dactylifer, Physico chemical, Varieties
References
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Amorós,, A., Pretel, M.T., Almansa, M.S., Botella, M.A., Zapata P. J. & Derrano, M. (2009).Antioxidant and Nutritional Properties of Date Fruit from Elche Grove as Affected by Maturation and Phenotypic Variability of Date Palm May. Food Science and Technology International 15 (1), 65-72 DOI:10.1177/1082013208102758
Benchelah, A. C. & Maka, M. (2008). Les dattes : intérêt en nutrition. Phytothérapie, 6 (2) 117-121. 10.1007/s10298-008-0296-0.
Ben Salah, M. & Hellali, R. (2006). Composition chimique des fruits de 15 cultivars tunisiens de palmier dattier (Phoenix dactylifera L.) Plant GeneticRressources Newzletter, 248, 1-7
Benmeziane, D. F. (2019). Nutritional value, phytochemical composition, and biological activities of Middle Eastern and North African date fruit: an overview. Euro-Mediterranean Journal for Environmental Integration 4(1) DOI:10.1007/s41207-019-0132-y
Boudon, A., Johan, M., Boutinaud M, Narcy, A., Bruno, A .M & Hurtaud C (2013). Factors of variation in the calcium content of cow's milk. Journées d'Animation Scientifique du département Phase https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01210690 5.
CSS - Superior Health Council (2016). Nutritional recommendations for Belgium. Bruxelles: 2016 CSS n° 9285.
Diogo A.M., Almeida C. M .R, Mucha A. P. & Carvalho, M. F. (2022). Revisiting pesticide pollution: The case of fluorinated pesticides, Environmental Pollution, 292, Part A, Janv 1, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118315
D. Ross A.C, Taylor C.L, Yaktine A.L & Del Valle H.B (2011), Dietary reference intakes for calcium and vitamin. Committee to review dietary reference intakes for vitamin D and calcium. Editors .Institute of Medicine (US) Washington (DC): NAP (US). PMID: 21796828
European Food Safety Authority (2013) Scientific opinion on dietary reference values for fluoride. European Food Safety Authority. Parma: EFSA.
Essebbahi, I., Ouazzani, C., Moustaghfir, A., Dami, A & Balouch L (2020). Analyses of different commercial teas and risk of fluorine excess in the population in Morocco. International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences, 14 (4), 1203-1213.
Essebbahi, I., Ouazzani, C., Moustaghfir, A., Er-ramly, A., El Baroudi, Y., Dami, A. & Ballouch, L., (2022). Analysis of the fluoride levels of well water consumed by the Moroccan population in different rural areas, International Journal of Environmental and Development Sciences, (13), 5.
Farrance, I. (1987), Plasma glucose methods, a review, Clin. Biochem. Reviews, 8, 55.
Florence, T.M. & Farrar YJ. (1971). Spectrophotometric determination of chloride at parts-per-billion level by mercury (II) thiocyanate method. Anal. Chim. Acta, 54, 373-377.
Gindler, E.M. & Heth, D.A., 1971, colorimetric determination with bound “Calmagite” of magnesium in human blood serum. Clin. Chem.,17, 662
Guimard G.(2002). Dental fluorosis: current data and evaluation Gaële Guimard thesis https://hal.univ-lorraine.fr/hal-01738980
Hammadi, H., Jarray, N., Yahya, L. & Ferchichi, L., (2019). Mineral fruit composition variation alongside Phonix dactylifera L cultivars dependently on geographical origin and agronomics traits. Journal of Oasis Agriculture and Substainable Developement 1 (1), 8-13
Harrak H., Hamouda A., Boujnah, M. & Gaboune, F (2005). Sugar content and technological and technological and nutritional qualities of the main Moroccan date varieties. Proceedings of the International Symposium on Sustainable Development of Oasis Systems from March 8 to 10,Erfoud, Maroc.
Harrak, H. & Chetto, A. (2010). Valorization of dates in Morocco. Regional Center for Agronomic Research of Marrakech, Agriculture du Maghreb (44), 72- 75.
Hussain, M.I., Farooq M. & Syed Q.A. (2020). Nutritional and biological characteristics of the date palm fruit (Phoenix dactylifera L.) – A review, Food Bioscience. DOI:10.1016/j.fbio.2019.100509
Jasim, Ad., Fahad. A. & Muhammad, S (2014). Date Fruit Composition and Nutrition. In book: Dates: Postharvest Science, Processing Technology and Health Benefits (261-284)DOI:10.1002/9781118292419
Khayam-Bashi, H., Tsan, Z. & Liu,Vern W (1977), Measurement of serum magnesium with a centrifugal analyzer, Clinical Chemistry, 23 (2), 289-291. https://doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/23.2.289.
Kordi, M., Meybodi, F.A., Tara, F., Fakari F. R, Nemati. M & Shakeri. M (2017). Effect of Dates in Late Preg.nancy on the duration of labor in nulliparous women, Iran J Nurs Midwifery , 22 (5), 383-387.doi: 10.4103/ijnmr.IJNM R_21 3_15
Paripurnanda, L. , Mike, J. H. & Neville D. G. (2008). Pasture soils contaminated with fertilizer derived cadmium and fluorine: livestock effects. Rev. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 192:29-66. doi: 10.1007/978-0-387-71724-1_2.
Laatar. A. (2003) La fluorose en Afrique subsaharienne. Revue du Rhumatisme, 70 (2), 178-182 DOI:10.1016/S1169-8330(02)00032-7
Messaitfa, A. & Safer, C. (2007). Fluoride contents in groundwaters and the Main Consumed Foods (Dates and Tea) in Southern Algeria Region. Journal of Earth Sciences, 1, 70-75
Moorehead W.R. & Biggs, H.G. (1974). 2-Amino2-methyl-1-propanol as the Alkalizing Agent in an Improved Continuous-Flow Cresolphthalein Complexone Procedure for Calcium in Serum. Clinical Chemistry, 20(11), 1458-1460. DOI: 10.1093/ clin chem/20.11.1458.
Myhara R., al-alawi A., Karkalas J. & Taylor, M. (2000). Sensory and textural changes in maturing Omani dates. J. Sci. Food Agric., 80, 2181 - 2185. 10.1002/1097-0010(200012)80:15<2181::AID-JSFA765>3.0.CO;2-C.
Nasir, M.U., Hussain, S., Jabbar, S., Rahid, F., Khalid, N. & Mehmood A. (2015). A review on the nutritional content, functional properties and medicinal potential of dates. Sci Lett,3,(1), 17-22
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (NASEM) (2005). Dietary ieference Intakes for water, potassium, sodium, chloride, and sulfate. Washington, DC: NAP. https://doi.org/10.17226/10925.
Saafi -Bensalah, E. B., El arem, A., Hammami, M., Helal, A. N. & Achour, L. (2011). Influence of the harvesting season and storage on the antioxidant activities of dates of the species Phoenix dactylifera L. from TUNISIA. J. Med. Plants Nat. Prod, 6: 133-141
Shashi, A. & Sharma, N. (2015). Cerebral neurodegeneration in experimental fluorosis, International Journal of Basic and Applied Medical Sciences, 5 (1) 146-151
Tajini, F., Bouali, Y. & Ouerghi , A (2020). Study of the nutritional quality of fruit of Phœnix dactylifera L.: measurement of biochemical parameters Revue Nature et Technologie ,12, 2, 39-49
Tietz NW. (1999). Text Book of Clinical Chemistry (3 rd Edn), Burtis CA, Ashwood ER (eds). W.B. Saunder; 1063 - 1064, 1104.
Trinder P. (1969), Determination of glucose in blood using glucose oxidase with an alternative oxygen acceptor, Annals of Clinical Biochemistry,6, 24-27.
Rock, W., Rosenblat, M., Borochov Neori, H., Volkova, N., Judeinstein, S., Elias, M. & Aviram, M. (2009). Effects of date (Phoenix dactylifera L., Medjool or Hallawi Variety) consumption by healthy subjects on serum glucose and lipid levels and on serum oxidative status: a pilot study. J Agric Food Chem. , 57 (17), 8010-7. doi: 10.1021/jf901 559a
Rondanelli M., Faliva M.A., Peroni G. , Infantino V., Gasparri G., Iannello G., Perna S., Riva A., Petrangolini G. & Tartara A. (2021). Essentiality of manganese for bone health: An Overview and Update. Nat. Prod. Commun., 16(5). doi:10.1177/1934578X211016649
Villa, A.E., Carrasco, G.A.,Valenzuela, A & Garrido, A. (1992). The effect of calcium on disodium monofluorophosphate absorption from the gastrointestinal tract of rats. Res. Commun. Chem. Pathol. Pharmacol. 77, 367-74.
World Health Organization (2011). Guidelines for drinking-water quality. Fourth ed. Geneva: WHO.
World Health Organization (2015). WHO calls on countries to reduce sugars intake among adults and children. Geneva: WHO.
Zhang, C, R., Aldosari, S. A., Vidyasagar, P. SP. V., Shukla, P. & Nair, M. G. (2015). Determination of the variability of sugars in date fruits. Journal of Plantation Crop 43, (1) 53 -61
Zobeidi, A. & Messiatf, A. (2015). Situation of fluorides rate in waters and major consumed food in A Wilaya El Oued. J. Fundam. Appl Sci., 2(2), 302-312 DOI:10.4314/jfas.v2i2.8
Amorós,, A., Pretel, M.T., Almansa, M.S., Botella, M.A., Zapata P. J. & Derrano, M. (2009).Antioxidant and Nutritional Properties of Date Fruit from Elche Grove as Affected by Maturation and Phenotypic Variability of Date Palm May. Food Science and Technology International 15 (1), 65-72 DOI:10.1177/1082013208102758
Benchelah, A. C. & Maka, M. (2008). Les dattes : intérêt en nutrition. Phytothérapie, 6 (2) 117-121. 10.1007/s10298-008-0296-0.
Ben Salah, M. & Hellali, R. (2006). Composition chimique des fruits de 15 cultivars tunisiens de palmier dattier (Phoenix dactylifera L.) Plant GeneticRressources Newzletter, 248, 1-7
Benmeziane, D. F. (2019). Nutritional value, phytochemical composition, and biological activities of Middle Eastern and North African date fruit: an overview. Euro-Mediterranean Journal for Environmental Integration 4(1) DOI:10.1007/s41207-019-0132-y
Boudon, A., Johan, M., Boutinaud M, Narcy, A., Bruno, A .M & Hurtaud C (2013). Factors of variation in the calcium content of cow's milk. Journées d'Animation Scientifique du département Phase https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01210690 5.
CSS - Superior Health Council (2016). Nutritional recommendations for Belgium. Bruxelles: 2016 CSS n° 9285.
Diogo A.M., Almeida C. M .R, Mucha A. P. & Carvalho, M. F. (2022). Revisiting pesticide pollution: The case of fluorinated pesticides, Environmental Pollution, 292, Part A, Janv 1, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118315
D. Ross A.C, Taylor C.L, Yaktine A.L & Del Valle H.B (2011), Dietary reference intakes for calcium and vitamin. Committee to review dietary reference intakes for vitamin D and calcium. Editors .Institute of Medicine (US) Washington (DC): NAP (US). PMID: 21796828
European Food Safety Authority (2013) Scientific opinion on dietary reference values for fluoride. European Food Safety Authority. Parma: EFSA.
Essebbahi, I., Ouazzani, C., Moustaghfir, A., Dami, A & Balouch L (2020). Analyses of different commercial teas and risk of fluorine excess in the population in Morocco. International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences, 14 (4), 1203-1213.
Essebbahi, I., Ouazzani, C., Moustaghfir, A., Er-ramly, A., El Baroudi, Y., Dami, A. & Ballouch, L., (2022). Analysis of the fluoride levels of well water consumed by the Moroccan population in different rural areas, International Journal of Environmental and Development Sciences, (13), 5.
Farrance, I. (1987), Plasma glucose methods, a review, Clin. Biochem. Reviews, 8, 55.
Florence, T.M. & Farrar YJ. (1971). Spectrophotometric determination of chloride at parts-per-billion level by mercury (II) thiocyanate method. Anal. Chim. Acta, 54, 373-377.
Gindler, E.M. & Heth, D.A., 1971, colorimetric determination with bound “Calmagite” of magnesium in human blood serum. Clin. Chem.,17, 662
Guimard G.(2002). Dental fluorosis: current data and evaluation Gaële Guimard thesis https://hal.univ-lorraine.fr/hal-01738980
Hammadi, H., Jarray, N., Yahya, L. & Ferchichi, L., (2019). Mineral fruit composition variation alongside Phonix dactylifera L cultivars dependently on geographical origin and agronomics traits. Journal of Oasis Agriculture and Substainable Developement 1 (1), 8-13
Harrak H., Hamouda A., Boujnah, M. & Gaboune, F (2005). Sugar content and technological and technological and nutritional qualities of the main Moroccan date varieties. Proceedings of the International Symposium on Sustainable Development of Oasis Systems from March 8 to 10,Erfoud, Maroc.
Harrak, H. & Chetto, A. (2010). Valorization of dates in Morocco. Regional Center for Agronomic Research of Marrakech, Agriculture du Maghreb (44), 72- 75.
Hussain, M.I., Farooq M. & Syed Q.A. (2020). Nutritional and biological characteristics of the date palm fruit (Phoenix dactylifera L.) – A review, Food Bioscience. DOI:10.1016/j.fbio.2019.100509
Jasim, Ad., Fahad. A. & Muhammad, S (2014). Date Fruit Composition and Nutrition. In book: Dates: Postharvest Science, Processing Technology and Health Benefits (261-284)DOI:10.1002/9781118292419
Khayam-Bashi, H., Tsan, Z. & Liu,Vern W (1977), Measurement of serum magnesium with a centrifugal analyzer, Clinical Chemistry, 23 (2), 289-291. https://doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/23.2.289.
Kordi, M., Meybodi, F.A., Tara, F., Fakari F. R, Nemati. M & Shakeri. M (2017). Effect of Dates in Late Preg.nancy on the duration of labor in nulliparous women, Iran J Nurs Midwifery , 22 (5), 383-387.doi: 10.4103/ijnmr.IJNM R_21 3_15
Paripurnanda, L. , Mike, J. H. & Neville D. G. (2008). Pasture soils contaminated with fertilizer derived cadmium and fluorine: livestock effects. Rev. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 192:29-66. doi: 10.1007/978-0-387-71724-1_2.
Laatar. A. (2003) La fluorose en Afrique subsaharienne. Revue du Rhumatisme, 70 (2), 178-182 DOI:10.1016/S1169-8330(02)00032-7
Messaitfa, A. & Safer, C. (2007). Fluoride contents in groundwaters and the Main Consumed Foods (Dates and Tea) in Southern Algeria Region. Journal of Earth Sciences, 1, 70-75
Moorehead W.R. & Biggs, H.G. (1974). 2-Amino2-methyl-1-propanol as the Alkalizing Agent in an Improved Continuous-Flow Cresolphthalein Complexone Procedure for Calcium in Serum. Clinical Chemistry, 20(11), 1458-1460. DOI: 10.1093/ clin chem/20.11.1458.
Myhara R., al-alawi A., Karkalas J. & Taylor, M. (2000). Sensory and textural changes in maturing Omani dates. J. Sci. Food Agric., 80, 2181 - 2185. 10.1002/1097-0010(200012)80:15<2181::AID-JSFA765>3.0.CO;2-C.
Nasir, M.U., Hussain, S., Jabbar, S., Rahid, F., Khalid, N. & Mehmood A. (2015). A review on the nutritional content, functional properties and medicinal potential of dates. Sci Lett,3,(1), 17-22
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (NASEM) (2005). Dietary ieference Intakes for water, potassium, sodium, chloride, and sulfate. Washington, DC: NAP. https://doi.org/10.17226/10925.
Saafi -Bensalah, E. B., El arem, A., Hammami, M., Helal, A. N. & Achour, L. (2011). Influence of the harvesting season and storage on the antioxidant activities of dates of the species Phoenix dactylifera L. from TUNISIA. J. Med. Plants Nat. Prod, 6: 133-141
Shashi, A. & Sharma, N. (2015). Cerebral neurodegeneration in experimental fluorosis, International Journal of Basic and Applied Medical Sciences, 5 (1) 146-151
Tajini, F., Bouali, Y. & Ouerghi , A (2020). Study of the nutritional quality of fruit of Phœnix dactylifera L.: measurement of biochemical parameters Revue Nature et Technologie ,12, 2, 39-49
Tietz NW. (1999). Text Book of Clinical Chemistry (3 rd Edn), Burtis CA, Ashwood ER (eds). W.B. Saunder; 1063 - 1064, 1104.
Trinder P. (1969), Determination of glucose in blood using glucose oxidase with an alternative oxygen acceptor, Annals of Clinical Biochemistry,6, 24-27.
Rock, W., Rosenblat, M., Borochov Neori, H., Volkova, N., Judeinstein, S., Elias, M. & Aviram, M. (2009). Effects of date (Phoenix dactylifera L., Medjool or Hallawi Variety) consumption by healthy subjects on serum glucose and lipid levels and on serum oxidative status: a pilot study. J Agric Food Chem. , 57 (17), 8010-7. doi: 10.1021/jf901 559a
Rondanelli M., Faliva M.A., Peroni G. , Infantino V., Gasparri G., Iannello G., Perna S., Riva A., Petrangolini G. & Tartara A. (2021). Essentiality of manganese for bone health: An Overview and Update. Nat. Prod. Commun., 16(5). doi:10.1177/1934578X211016649
Villa, A.E., Carrasco, G.A.,Valenzuela, A & Garrido, A. (1992). The effect of calcium on disodium monofluorophosphate absorption from the gastrointestinal tract of rats. Res. Commun. Chem. Pathol. Pharmacol. 77, 367-74.
World Health Organization (2011). Guidelines for drinking-water quality. Fourth ed. Geneva: WHO.
World Health Organization (2015). WHO calls on countries to reduce sugars intake among adults and children. Geneva: WHO.
Zhang, C, R., Aldosari, S. A., Vidyasagar, P. SP. V., Shukla, P. & Nair, M. G. (2015). Determination of the variability of sugars in date fruits. Journal of Plantation Crop 43, (1) 53 -61
Zobeidi, A. & Messiatf, A. (2015). Situation of fluorides rate in waters and major consumed food in A Wilaya El Oued. J. Fundam. Appl Sci., 2(2), 302-312 DOI:10.4314/jfas.v2i2.8
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Nutritional qualities and fluoride content of different date (Phoenix dactylifer) varieties consumed in Morocco. (2023). Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 15(1), 9-14. https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v15i1.4015
