Novel method to manage weeds in the rainfed groundnut (var. VRI 8 and TMV 14) using nano encapsulated herbicide formulations
##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.main##
Abstract
The groundnut crop harbours heavy weed infestation due to its small stature and slow growing nature. The current weed management practices of hand weeding and use of commercial herbicides are unsuitable because of high labour cost and inadequate moisture availability to activate herbicides. In order to release the herbicide in a smart way, this experiment aimed to study the efficacy of encapsulated herbicides . Field experiments were conducted during Kharif 2021 and late Rabi 2022 under rainfed conditions in randomised block design with three replications. The treatments consisted of sulfentrazone, oxyfluorfen, diclosulam and metolachlor in both commercial and encapsulated form using two doses, hand weeding at 20 and 40 DAS, weed free plot and weedy check. Minimum weed density (28.33 and 17.30 No./m2 at 90 DAS during Kharif and late Rabi respectively) and weed dry weight (65.33 and 61.25 g/m2 at 90 DAS during Kharif and late Rabi respectively) were observed in hand weeding at 20 and 40 DAS (T19) followed by diclosulam @ 25 g ha-1 with encapsulation (T7). Maximum weed density and weed dry weight was observed in metolachlor @ 1 kg/ha with encapsulation (T8). Higher productivity was observed in hand weeding at 20 and 40 DAS (T19) (1802 kg ha-1 and 1753 kg ha-1 pod yield during Kharif and late Rabi respectively) and higher profitability was obtained in diclosulam @ 25 g ha-1 with encapsulation (T7) (1.80 and 2.01 B:C ratio during (Kharif and late Rabi respectively). Nano-encapsulated herbicides can thus significantly improve weed control in rainfed groundnut.
##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.details##
##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.details##
Encapsulated herbicides, Productivity, Profitability, Rainfed groundnut, Weed dynamics
Chandana, P., Reddy, D., Lavanya, Y., Kannamreddy, V., Reddy, K., & Chandra, M. (2021). Nanotechnology in crop production and protection nano agrochemicals. Current Innovations in Agronomy, 2, 73-10.
CPG. (2020), Crop production guide. Tamil Nadu Agricultural University. https://tnau.ac.in/research/wp-content/uploads/sites/60/2020/02/Agriculture-CPG-2020.pdf.
Daneshvari, G., Yousefi, A. R., Mohammadi, M., Banibairami, S., Shariati, P., Rahdar, A. & Kyzas, G. Z. (2021). Controlled-release Formulations of Trifluralin Herbicide by Interfacial Polymerization as a Tool for Environmental Hazards. Biointerface Research in Applied Chemistry, 11(6), 13866-13877
Economics, Directorate of, & Statistics. (2021). https://eands.dacnet.nic.in/PDF/Agricultural%20Statistics%20at %20a%20Glance%20-%202021%20(English%20vers ion).pdf.
Everman, W. J., Clewis, S. B., Thomas, W. E., Burke, I. C. & Wilcut, J. W. (2008). Critical period of weed interference in peanut. Weed Technology, 22(1), 63-67.
Ghormade, V., Deshpande, M. V. & Paknikar, K. M. (2011). Perspectives for nano-biotechnology enabled protection and nutrition of plants. Biotechnology advances, 29(6), 792-803.
Gill, H. (1969). Weed index-a new method for reporting weed control trials. Indian Journal of Agronomy, 14, 96-98.
Gomez, K. A. & Gomez, A. A. (1984). Statistical procedures for agricultural research: John wiley & sons.
Grichar, W. J., Dotray, P. A. & Etheredge, L. M. (2015). Weed control and peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) cultivar response to encapsulated acetochlor. Peanut Science, 42(2), 100-108.
Jackson, M. (1973). Soil chemical analysis, pentice hall of India Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, India, 498, 151-154.
Jat, R., Meena, H., Singh, A., Surya, J. N. & Misra, J. (2011). Weed management in groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) in India-a review. Agricultural Reviews, 32(3), 155-171.
Kalhapure, A., Shete, B. & Bodake, P. (2013). Integration of chemical and cultural methods for weed management in groundnut. Indian Journal of Weed Science, 45(2), 116-119.
Kanagam, P. & Chinnamuthu, C. (2009). Management of late emerging weeds in irrigated groundnut. Indian Journal of Weed Science, 41(3&4), 124-132.
Korav, S., Ram, V., Krishnappa, R. & Premaradhya, N. (2020). Agro-physiological assessment of weed interference in groundnut (Arachis hypogea L.) at Sub-Himalayan hill region of Meghalaya. Bangladesh Journal of Botany, 49(2), 313-327.
Kumar, P. & Chinnamuthu, C. R. (2017). Assembly of nanoencapsulated pendimethalin herbicide using solvent evaporation method for season long weed control under irrigated ecosystem. Internatrional Journal of Pure and Applied Bioscience, 5, 349-357.
Mikkelsen, R. L. (1994). Using hydrophilic polymers to control nutrient release. Fertilizer Research, 38(1), 53-59.
Mishra, K. (2020). Effect of weed management practices on weed control, yield, and economics in Rabi groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) in Ganjam district of Odisha. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, 9(2), 2435-2439.
Mishra, M. & Misra, A. (1997). Estimation of integrated pest management index in jute–A new approach. Indian Journal of Weed Science, 29(1and2), 39-42.
Ojelade, O. B., Lagoke, S. T., Adigun, J. A., Babalola, O., Daramola, O. & Osipitan, O. (2018). Intra-row spacing and weed control influence growth and yield of groundnut (Arachis hypogea L.). Advances in Agricultural Science, 6(4), 01-11.
Olsen, S. R. (1954). Estimation of available phosphorus in soils by extraction with sodium bicarbonate: US Department of Agriculture.
Patel, B., Chaudhari, D., Mor, V., Patel, V. & Patel, H. (2020). Effectiveness of herbicide mixture on weeds and yield of summer groundnut. Indian Journal of Weed Science, 52(3), 250-253.
Sarin, S., bindhu, J., Girijadevi, L., Jacob, D. & Mini, V. (2021). Weed management in summer groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.). Journal of Crop and Weed, 17(1), 272-277.
Slattery, M., Harper, B. & Harper, S. (2019). Pesticide encapsulation at the nanoscale drives changes to the hydrophobic partitioning and toxicity of an active ingredient. Nanomaterials, 9(1), 81.
Sopeña, F., Maqueda, C. & Morillo, E. (2009). Controlled release formulations of herbicides based on micro-encapsulation. Ciencia e Investigación Agraria, 36(1), 27-42.
Sridhar, N., Nongmaithem, D., Tzudir, L. & Singh, A. (2021). Weed management in groundnut with diclosulam herbicide. Indian Journal of Weed Science, 53(3), 305-306.
Srimathi, T., Chinnamuthu, C., Marimuthu, S. & Senthil, A. (2021). Optimizing time and dose of newly synthesised Nano encapsulated sulfentrazone herbicide formulation for weed management in irrigated groundnut (Arachis hypogaea). Pharma Innovation, 10(11), 546-549.
Stanford, G. & English, L. (1949). Use of the flame photometer in rapid soil tests for K and Ca. Agronomy, 41(9), 446-447.
Steckel, L. E., Sprague, C. L. & Hager, A. G. (2002). Common waterhemp (Amaranthus rudis) control in corn (Zea mays) with single preemergence and sequential applications of residual herbicides. Weed Technology, 16(4), 755-761.
Subbaiah, V. & Asija, G. (1956). A rapid procedure for utilization of available nitrogen in soil. Current Science, 26, 258-260.
Vikram, K., Chinnamuthu, C., Marimuthu, S., & Bharathis, C. (2021). Synthesizing Nanoencapsulated Sulfentrazone Herbicide and Optimizing Time and Dose for Season Long Weed Management in Irrigated Blackgram (Vigna mungo L.). Legume Research- An International Journal, 4447, 1-8..
Walkley, A. & Black, I. A. (1934). An examination of the Degtjareff method for determining soil organic matter, and a proposed modification of the chromic acid titration method. Soil Science, 37(1), 29-38.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
This work is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0) © Author (s)
