Suitability of vetiver (Vetiveria zizanioides) for removal of Cr (III) from tannery effluent using floating bed and rhizofiltration systems
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Abstract
Various physico-chemical methods have been employed in remediating heavy metals from wastewater, but most of them are
expensive. While phytoremediation, is one cost-effective and eco-friendly technology, proves to be an alternate amongst which Vetiver, a unique tropical plant, is recognized for its large biomass and dense root system and has been proven for various remediation studies. The current research was conducted to assess the potential for Vetiver rhizofiltration of chromium. A pilot study was conducted in rhizobox wherein Vetiver was grown using sand as a medium and samples were collected from rhizobox port 1 and rhizobox port 2. Subsequently, the study was upscaled to a floating bed experiment. In both studies, Vetiver were grown under 500 mg L-1 Cr (III) solution and tannery effluent had a chromium concentration of 379 mg L-1 and the results were compared to control. Between the samples collected from port 1 and 2, the removal of chromium in port 1 was recorded to be higher than that of port 2. Moreover, the removal of chromium ions from the tannery effluent was relatively higher than the spiked solution. In both the ports, the highest removal of chromium concentration was recorded in T5 (Sand + Vetiver + Cr (III) @ 500 mg kg-1) with a removal percent of 12.59 and 10.38% in port 1 and 2, respectively. Hence, Vetiver grass has a great potential in removing pollutants like chromium from the wastewater.
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Keywords
Chromium, Floating Bed, Rhizobox, Tannery, Vetiver
References
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Aregu, M. B., Soboksa, N. E. & Kanno, G. G. (2021). High Strength Wastewater Reclamation Capacity of Vetiver Grass in Tropics: The Case of Ethiopia. Environmental Health Insights, 15, 11786302211060162. http://doi.org/ 10.1177/11786302211060162
Darajeh, N., Truong, P., Rezania, S., Alizadeh, H. & Leung, D. W. M. (2019). Effectiveness of vetiver grass versus other plants for phytoremediation of contaminated water.
Davamani V., Parameshwari, C. I., Arulmani, S., John, J. E. & Poornima, R. (2021). Hydroponic phytoremediation of paperboard mill wastewater by using vetiver (Chrysopogon zizanioides). Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 9(4), 105528. http://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.jece.2021.105528
Dilaconi, C., Lopez, A., Ramadori, R., Di Pinto, A. & Passino, R. (2002). Combined chemical and biological degradation of tannery wastewater by a periodic submerged filter. Water Res., 36(9), 2205-2214. http://doi.org/ 10.1016/s0043-1354(01)00445-6.
Divya, K. & Vidya, R. (2016). A Review on Tannery Pollution in Vellore District, Tamil Nadu, India. Research Journal Of Pharmaceutical Biological And Chemical Sciences, 7(3), 1380-1384.
Genawi, N. M., Ibrahim, M. H., El-Naas, M. H. & Alshaik, A. E. (2020). Chromium removal from tannery wastewater by electrocoagulation: optimization and sludge characterization. Water, 12(5), 1374. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12051374
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Kim, K.-R., Owens, G. & Kwon, S.-L. (2010). Influence of Indian mustard (Brassica juncea) on rhizosphere soil solution chemistry in long-term contaminated soils: a rhizobox study. Journal of Environmental Sciences, 22(1), 98-105. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1001-0742(09)60080-2
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Masinire, F., Adenuga, D. O., Tichapondwa, S. M., & Chirwa, E. M. (2021). Phytoremediation of Cr (VI) in wastewater using the vetiver grass (Chrysopogon zizanioides). Minerals Engineering, 172, 107141.
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Meier, S., Alvear, M., Borie, F., Aguilera, P., Ginocchio, R. & Cornejo, P. (2012). Influence of copper on root exudate patterns in some metallophytes and agricultural plants. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 75, 8-15.
Mccoy, W. F. & Olson, B. H. (1986). Relationship among turbidity, particle counts and bacteriological quality within water distribution lines. Water Research, 20(8), 1023-1029. https://doi.org/10.1016/0043-1354(86)90045
XMeier, S., Borie, F., Bolan, N. & Cornejo, P. (2012). Phytoremediation of metal-polluted soils by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 42(7), 741-775. http://doi.org/ 10.108 0/10643389.2010.528518
Mohan, D. & Pittman Jr, C. U. (2006). Activated carbons and low cost adsorbents for remediation of tri-and hexavalent chromium from water. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 137(2), 762-811. http://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.jhazma t.2006.06.060.
Moosavi, S. G. & Seghatoleslami, M. J. (2013). Phytoremediation: a review. Advance in Agriculture and Biology, 1(1), 5-11.
Mudhiriza, T., Mapanda, F., Mvumi, B. & Wuta, M. (2015). Removal of nutrient and heavy metal loads from sewage effluent using vetiver grass, Chrysopogon zizanioides (L.) Roberty. Water SA, 41(4), 457-493. http://doi.org/ 10.4314/wsa.v41i4.04
Panja, S., Sarkar, D., Zhang, Z. & Datta, R. (2021). Removal of antibiotics and nutrients by vetiver grass (Chrysopogon zizanioides) from a plug flow reactor based constructed wetland model. Toxics, 9(4), 84. http://doi.org/ 10.3390/toxics9040084
Panse, V. G. & Sukhatme, P. V. (1967). Statistical methods of agricultural workers. 2nd Endorsement. ICAR Publication, New Delhi, India, 381.
Piper, C. S. (1966). Soil and plant analysis: Hans Publishers; Bombay.
Rajendran, M., An, W. H., Li, W. C., Perumal, V., Wu, C., Sahi, S. V. & Sarkar, S. K. (2019). Chromium detoxification mechanism induced growth and antioxidant responses in vetiver (Chrysopogon zizanioides (L.) Roberty). Journal of Central South University, 26(2), 489-500.
Raskin, I. & Ensley, B. D. (2000). Phytoremediation of toxic metals: John Wiley and Sons.
Srisatit, T. & Sengsai, W. (2003). Chromium removal efficiency by Vetiveria zizanioides and Vetiveria nemoralis in constructed wetlands for tannery post-treatment wastewater. Paper presented at the Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Vetiver and Exhibition, Guangzhou, China.
Stottmeister, U., Wießner, A., Kuschk, P., Kappelmeyer, U., Kästner, M., Bederski, O. .... & Moormann, H. (2003). Effects of plants and microorganisms in constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment. Biotechnology Advances, 22(1-2), 93-117.
Sundaramoorthy, P., Chidambaram, A., Ganesh, K. S., Unnikannan, P. & Baskaran, L. (2010). Chromium stress in paddy:(i) nutrient status of paddy under chromium stress;(ii) phytoremediation of chromium by aquatic and terrestrial weeds. Comptes Rendus Biologies, 333(8), 597-607. http://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.crvi.2010.03.002
Yeboah, S. A., Allotey, A. N. M. & Biney, E. (2015). Purification of industrial wastewater with vetiver grasses (Vetiveria zizanioides): the case of food and beverages wastewater in Ghana. Asian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 2(2).1 - 40.
Amenu D. (2015). Evaluation of selected wetland plants for the removal efficiency of pollutants from wastewater. Int J Adv Multidiscip Res., 2, 63-66.
Aregu, M. B., Soboksa, N. E. & Kanno, G. G. (2021). High Strength Wastewater Reclamation Capacity of Vetiver Grass in Tropics: The Case of Ethiopia. Environmental Health Insights, 15, 11786302211060162. http://doi.org/ 10.1177/11786302211060162
Darajeh, N., Truong, P., Rezania, S., Alizadeh, H. & Leung, D. W. M. (2019). Effectiveness of vetiver grass versus other plants for phytoremediation of contaminated water.
Davamani V., Parameshwari, C. I., Arulmani, S., John, J. E. & Poornima, R. (2021). Hydroponic phytoremediation of paperboard mill wastewater by using vetiver (Chrysopogon zizanioides). Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 9(4), 105528. http://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.jece.2021.105528
Dilaconi, C., Lopez, A., Ramadori, R., Di Pinto, A. & Passino, R. (2002). Combined chemical and biological degradation of tannery wastewater by a periodic submerged filter. Water Res., 36(9), 2205-2214. http://doi.org/ 10.1016/s0043-1354(01)00445-6.
Divya, K. & Vidya, R. (2016). A Review on Tannery Pollution in Vellore District, Tamil Nadu, India. Research Journal Of Pharmaceutical Biological And Chemical Sciences, 7(3), 1380-1384.
Genawi, N. M., Ibrahim, M. H., El-Naas, M. H. & Alshaik, A. E. (2020). Chromium removal from tannery wastewater by electrocoagulation: optimization and sludge characterization. Water, 12(5), 1374. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12051374
Jayanthi, N., Subramanian, S. & Hema, J. (2020, October). A hydroponic vetiver system to remove cadmium and chromium from contaminated water. In: 7 th International Conference on Vetiver, Chiang Mai, Thailand (pp. 1-12).
Kafil, M., Boroomand Nasab, S., Moazed, H. & Bhatnagar, A. (2019). Phytoremediation potential of vetiver grass irrigated with wastewater for treatment of metal contaminated soil. International Journal of Phytoremediation, 21(2), 92-100. http://doi.org/ 10.1080/15226514.201 8.147 4443
Kim, K.-R., Owens, G. & Kwon, S.-L. (2010). Influence of Indian mustard (Brassica juncea) on rhizosphere soil solution chemistry in long-term contaminated soils: a rhizobox study. Journal of Environmental Sciences, 22(1), 98-105. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1001-0742(09)60080-2
Krishnasamy, S., Lakshmanan, R. & Ravichandran, M. (2021). Phytoremediatiation of Metal and Metalloid Pollutants from Farmland: An In-Situ Soil Conservation. In Biodegradation. Intech Open. http://doi.org/ 10.5772/intechopen.98659
Louhab, K., Sahmoune, N., Addad, J. & Barr, S. (2008). Quality Improvement of Recycled Chromium in the Tanning Operation by Fermentation Waste. Paper presented at the 12th International Water Technology Conference, IWTC12.
Lovell, S. C., Davis, I. W., Arendall Iii, W. B., De Bakker, P. I., Word, J. M., Prisant, M. G., Richardson, J. S. & Richardson, D. C. (2003). Structure validation by Cα geometry: ϕ, ψ and Cβ deviation. Proteins: Structure, Function, and Bioinformatics, 50(3), 437-450. https://doi.org/10.1002/prot.10286
Masinire, F., Adenuga, D. O., Tichapondwa, S. M., & Chirwa, E. M. (2021). Phytoremediation of Cr (VI) in wastewater using the vetiver grass (Chrysopogon zizanioides). Minerals Engineering, 172, 107141.
Mathew, M., Sebastian, M. & Cherian, S. M. J. P. T. (2016). Effectiveness of vetiver system for the treatment of wastewater from an institutional kitchen. 24:203-209. http://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.protcy.2016.05.028
Meier, S., Alvear, M., Borie, F., Aguilera, P., Ginocchio, R. & Cornejo, P. (2012). Influence of copper on root exudate patterns in some metallophytes and agricultural plants. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 75, 8-15.
Mccoy, W. F. & Olson, B. H. (1986). Relationship among turbidity, particle counts and bacteriological quality within water distribution lines. Water Research, 20(8), 1023-1029. https://doi.org/10.1016/0043-1354(86)90045
XMeier, S., Borie, F., Bolan, N. & Cornejo, P. (2012). Phytoremediation of metal-polluted soils by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 42(7), 741-775. http://doi.org/ 10.108 0/10643389.2010.528518
Mohan, D. & Pittman Jr, C. U. (2006). Activated carbons and low cost adsorbents for remediation of tri-and hexavalent chromium from water. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 137(2), 762-811. http://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.jhazma t.2006.06.060.
Moosavi, S. G. & Seghatoleslami, M. J. (2013). Phytoremediation: a review. Advance in Agriculture and Biology, 1(1), 5-11.
Mudhiriza, T., Mapanda, F., Mvumi, B. & Wuta, M. (2015). Removal of nutrient and heavy metal loads from sewage effluent using vetiver grass, Chrysopogon zizanioides (L.) Roberty. Water SA, 41(4), 457-493. http://doi.org/ 10.4314/wsa.v41i4.04
Panja, S., Sarkar, D., Zhang, Z. & Datta, R. (2021). Removal of antibiotics and nutrients by vetiver grass (Chrysopogon zizanioides) from a plug flow reactor based constructed wetland model. Toxics, 9(4), 84. http://doi.org/ 10.3390/toxics9040084
Panse, V. G. & Sukhatme, P. V. (1967). Statistical methods of agricultural workers. 2nd Endorsement. ICAR Publication, New Delhi, India, 381.
Piper, C. S. (1966). Soil and plant analysis: Hans Publishers; Bombay.
Rajendran, M., An, W. H., Li, W. C., Perumal, V., Wu, C., Sahi, S. V. & Sarkar, S. K. (2019). Chromium detoxification mechanism induced growth and antioxidant responses in vetiver (Chrysopogon zizanioides (L.) Roberty). Journal of Central South University, 26(2), 489-500.
Raskin, I. & Ensley, B. D. (2000). Phytoremediation of toxic metals: John Wiley and Sons.
Srisatit, T. & Sengsai, W. (2003). Chromium removal efficiency by Vetiveria zizanioides and Vetiveria nemoralis in constructed wetlands for tannery post-treatment wastewater. Paper presented at the Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Vetiver and Exhibition, Guangzhou, China.
Stottmeister, U., Wießner, A., Kuschk, P., Kappelmeyer, U., Kästner, M., Bederski, O. .... & Moormann, H. (2003). Effects of plants and microorganisms in constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment. Biotechnology Advances, 22(1-2), 93-117.
Sundaramoorthy, P., Chidambaram, A., Ganesh, K. S., Unnikannan, P. & Baskaran, L. (2010). Chromium stress in paddy:(i) nutrient status of paddy under chromium stress;(ii) phytoremediation of chromium by aquatic and terrestrial weeds. Comptes Rendus Biologies, 333(8), 597-607. http://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.crvi.2010.03.002
Yeboah, S. A., Allotey, A. N. M. & Biney, E. (2015). Purification of industrial wastewater with vetiver grasses (Vetiveria zizanioides): the case of food and beverages wastewater in Ghana. Asian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 2(2).1 - 40.
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How to Cite
Suitability of vetiver (Vetiveria zizanioides) for removal of Cr (III) from tannery effluent using floating bed and rhizofiltration systems. (2022). Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 14(SI), 105-110. https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v14iSI.3575
