Population structure and diversity of the periphyton community in the glacier-fed stream Balkhila at Siron from Garhwal Himalaya
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Abstract
The stream Balkhila is a glacier-fed and originates at higher altitudes from the Lal Mati glacier, flows through the famous Mandal valley of Garhwal Himalaya and finally merges with the Alaknanda River in Chamoli district of Uttarakhand. The present study aimed to assess the population structure, density and diversity of the periphyton community along with some detrimental ecological parameters in the glacier fed stream Balkhila for a period of two years on a monthly basis from November 2018 to October 2020. The stream Balkhila was represented by 17 periphytic genera belonging to 3 classes, namely, Bacillariophyceae, Chlorohyceae and Cyanophyceae. The class Bacillariophyceae was represented by 10 periphytic genera (Cymbella, Navicula, Fragilaria, Nitzschia, Ampohora, Diatoma, Synedra, Tabellaria, Cocconeis and Meridion), and Chlorophyceae (green algae) was represented by 6 algal genera (Chlorella, Ulothrix, Zygnema, Oedogomium, Spirogyra and Stigeoclonium). The class Myxophyceae was represented by a single genus (Phormidium). The maximum periphytic density (individuals/cm2) was found to be 316.7±7.1 x 103 in January, and the minimum density (12.5±3.5 x 103) was recorded in August. The SIMPLER test indicated 18.58% dissimilarity of periphytic communities between the two years of study. The Shannon–Wiener diversity index values were high (2.358 and 2.388) in December and January and minimum (0.2484 and 0.3534) in July and August during the first and second years of the study, respectively. Multivariate canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) suggested that most of the periphytic genera were closely associated with the winter season (December, January and February). The various ecological parameters of our study indicated that the Balkhila stream is a conducive habitat for periphyton communities.
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Keywords
Balkhila stream, Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA), Diversity, Glacier, Periphyton
References
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APHA, AWWA, WEF. (2012). Standard methods for the examination of water and waste water.
Baba, A.I., Sofi, A.H., Bhat, S.U. & Pandit, A.K. (2011). Periphytic Algae of River Sindh in the Sonamarg Area of Kashmir Valley. Journal of Phytology, 3(6), 01-12.
Badoni, K., Nuatiyal, R., Bhatt, J.P., Kishor, B. & Nautiyal, P. (1997). Variations in the epilithic diatoms community structure due to river valley project on the Ganga between Rishikesh and Hardwar. Proc. Indian natn. Sci. Acad.,63 (6),523 - 536.
Bahuguna, P. & Baluni, P. (2019). Size-group related variation in the feeding behavior of an ornamental fish, Puntius conchonius from Mandal river in the central Himalaya region of Garhwal, India. Environment Conservation Journal, 20(1&2),139-142.
Bahuguna, P. & Dobriyal, A.K. (2018). First report on the occurrence of some benthic macroinvertebrates in the spring-fed streams of Garhwal Himalaya, India. International Journal of Research and Analytical Research and Analytical Reviews (IJRAR), 5(4), 437-443.
Bahuguna, P. & Dobriyal, A.K. (2020). Population Structure And Drifting Pattern of Aquatic Mites In Randi Gad, A Tributary Of River Alaknanda In Garhwal Himalaya, Uttarakhand, India. J. Mountain Res., 15, 63-70.
Bahuguna, P. & Negi, S. (2018). Distribution patterns of benthic macroinvertebrate community in the spring fed stream of Garhwal Himalaya, India. J.Mountain Res., 13, 51-58.
Bahuguna, P., Rajani, Rayal, R., & Baluni, P. (2021). Observation on ecology and diversity of periphyton community in the Mal Gad stream from Garhwal region, India. Uttar Pradesh Journal Of Zoology, 42(17), 84-94.
Baluguna, P., Joshi, H.K. & Kumar K.(2019). A report on drifting behaviour of odonata (aquatic insects) in Kyunja gada spring fed tributary of river Mandakini, Chamoli Garhwal. Uttarakhand. J. Mountain Res., 14(2), 63-67.
Baluni, P. Kumar, K. &Joshi, H.K. (2018). Ecology, distribution patterns, density and diversity of periphyton in Khankra spring fed stream of Grahwal Himalaya, India. J. Mountain Res., 13, 95-99.
Baluni, P., Kumar, R., Chamoli, K. Joshi, H.K. (2017). Studies on the periphyton density, diversity and physico-chemical parameters of Laster Gad stream in district Rudraprayag from India. J. Mountain Res., 12, 73-79.
Biggs, B. J. F. & Gerbeaux, P. J. (1993). Periphyton development in relation to macro- scale (geology) and microscale (velocity) limiters in two gravelbed rivers, New Zealand. New Zealand journal of marine and freshwater research, 27, 39-53.
Bisht, K.L., Dobriyal, A.K. & Singh, H.R. (2019). A note on the ecosystem health of a glacier fed river Pinder from Chamoli Garhwal , Uttarakhnad. J. Mountain. Res.,4(2), 9-17.
Bray, J.P., Broady, A.P., Niyogi, D.K. & Harding, J.S. (2008). Periphyton communities in New Zealand streams impacted by acid mine drainage. Marine and Freshwater Research, 59, 1084–1091.
Dalu, T., Cuthbert, R.N., Taylor, J.C., Magoro, M.L., Weyl, O.L.F., Froneman, P.W. & Wasserman, R. J. (2020). Benthic diatoms –based indices and isotopic biomonitoring of nitrogen pollution in warm temperate Austral river system. Science of the Total Environment, 748, 142452.
Dobriyal, A. K. & H.R. Singh, (1989). Observations on temporal trends of phytoplankton diversity in the river Nayar of Gorhwal Himalaya. J. Freshwater Biol., 1, 1-6.
Dobriyal, A.K. & Singh, H.R. (1988). Ecological basis for the ichthyofaunal variation in two hillstrteams of Garhwal Himalaya. In: M. Mohan Joseph (Ed.) The First Indian Fisheries Forum Proceedings, Asian Fishery Society, Indian Branch. Page 313-317.
Dobriyal, A.K. (1983). Bio ecology of some coldwater fishes correlated with hydrobiology of the Mandakini and the Nayar. D. Phil Thesis Garhwal University. Page 290.
Dobriyal, A.K., Balodi, V.P., Joshi, H.K., Bahuguna, P. & Kumar, N. (2011). Seasonal cyclicity of Macrozoobenthos correlated with detrimental abiotic factors in the Eastern Nayar of Garhwal Himalaya, Uttarakhand. In: Himalayan Aquatic Biodiversity Conservation and new tools in Biotechnology (Eds. J P Bhatt, Madhu Thapliyal and Ashish Thapliyal). Transmedia Publication, Srinagar Garhwal. pp.94 - 103.
Dutta, R., Dutta, A., Bhagobaty, N. & Bhagabati, S.K.(2018). Periphyton community structure of Namsang stream, Arunachal Pradesh. Journal of Cold water Fisheries, 1(1),113-120.
Edmondson, W.T. (1992). Ward and whipple’s Freshwater bioloh, 2nd edition. John Wiley and sons, New York.
Gurumayum, S.D. & Goswami, U.C. (2013). Studies on seasonal and topographical variations of periphyton in the rivers of Manipur. Journal of Environmental Biology, 34, 599-604.
Harkal, A.D. & Mokashe, S.S. (2015). An Assessment of periphytic fauna of Kagzipura Lake, District Aurangabad, Maharashtra, India. Journal of Basic sciences, 1, 34-38.
Khanna, D.R., Badola, S.P. & Dobriyal, A.K. (1993). Plankton ecology of the river Ganga at Chandighat, Hardwar. In: Singh, H.R.(Ed.). Advances in Limnology.NPH, Delhi. pp.171-174.
Kumar, S. & Nautiyal, P. (2019). Community Features of Benthic Macroinvertebrates and Bioassessment of the Stretch of Bhagirathi River Impacted by Maneri Bhali Stage I Hydroelectric Project. International Journal of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, 45 (3), 311-315.
Matta, G. Kumar, A. & Nayak, A. et al. (2020). Water quality and plantonic composition of river Henwal (India) using comprehensive pollution index as biotic- indices. Trans Indian Natl. Acad. Eng., 5, 541-553.
Moza, U. (2014). River Ravi ecology and fishery. Directorate of Knowledge Management in Agricultural Research, 1-101.
Nautiyal, P. (1986). Studies on the riverine ecology of the torrential waters in Indian uplands of Garhewal region. 2: Seasonal fluctuation in diatoms density. Proc Indian Acad Sci. (Anim. Sci), 93, 671-674.
Nautiyal, R. (2005). Altitudinal variations in the abundance pattern of benthic diatoms in a mountain river. In Nautiyal, P., Bhatt, J.P., Gusain, O.P. & Dobriyal A.K. (Ed.): Biological Diversiyy in Freshwater Environments, Transmedia Srinagar Garhwal. pp.224-241.
Nautiyal, R., Nautiyal.,P. & Singh, H.R. (1996). Impact on sewage on the diatom communities of the river Alkananda (Srinagar Garhwal). Ecol. In addition Env Sci,22 (3), 289-296.
Negi, R.K., Yadav, N. & Vishnoi, V. (2013). Phytoplankton diversity of some selected streams of Dehradun district of Uttarakhand state. Biolife. ICUS. pp. 1654-170.
Negi, S., Bahuguna, P. & Dobriyal, A.K.(2021). Drifting behaviour of aquatic mites and regulating ecological. parameters in Khankragad stream, a spring fed tributary of Alaknanda river, Rudraprayag Garhwal, Uttarakhand, India. J. Mountain Res., 16(1), 61-75.
Niedrist, G.H., Cantonati, M. & Fureder, L. (2018). Environmental harshness mediates the quality of periphyton and chironomid body mass in alpine streams. Freshwater Science, 37(3), 519-533.
Pandey, L.K., Kumar, D., Yadav, A., Rai, J. & Gaur, J.P.(2014). Morphological abnormalities in periphytic diatoms as atool for biomonitoring of heavy metals pollution in a river. Ecological Indicator, 36, 272-279.
Park, J. Bergey, E.A., Han, T. & Pandey, L.K. (2020). Diatoms as indicators of environmental health on Korean islands. Aquatic Toxicology, 227, 105594.
Rana, J.S., Semalty, B., Gusain, M.P. & Gusain, O.P. (2016).Seasonal variation in physicochemical parameters of a glacier-fed river at high montane site. International Journal of Water Research, 6(1), 26-31.
Rashid, H.U. & Pandit, A. K. (2008). Ecology of Plankton community of River Sindh in Kashmir Himalaya. Journal Himalayan Ecology and sustainable development, 3, 11-22.
Rosen, B.H. (1995). Use of periphyton in the development of biocriteria. In: W.S. Davis & T.P. Simon (eds.) Biological Assessment and Criteria: Tools for Water Resource Planning and Decision Making. Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, FL. pp. 415.
Sagir, M. & Dobriyal, A.K.(2020). Structural and function diversity periphyton community from the Western Nayar river of Garhwal Himalaya. Uttar Pradesh Journal of Zoology, 41(1), 15-29.
Selakoti, B. & Rao, S.N. (2015). A study on seasonal fluctuations in physico-chemical variables in spring fed Kosi River at Almora province from central Himalaya, India. Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci., 4(4), 418-425.
Sharma, N. & Sharma, R.C. (2016). Microbiological and physico- chemical assessment of the sacred river Alaknanda, India. International Journal of Agricultural Invention, 1(1), 102 –107.
Sharma, R.C., Bahuguna, M. & Chauhan, P. (2008). Periphytonic diversity in Bhagirathi: Preimpoundment study of Tehri Dam Reservoir. Journal of Environ. Science and Engg., 50(4), 255-262.
Singh, G. & Agarwal, N.K. (2014). Fish assemblage structure and habitat use of the snow fed stream Assiganga - a major tributary of river Bhagirathi in Central Himalaya (India). International Journal of Aquatic Biology, 2(6), 305-312.
Singh, H.R., Nautiyal, P., Dobriyal, A.K., Pokhriyal, R.C., Negi, M., Baduni, V., Nautiyal, R., Agarwal, N. K., Nautiyal, P. & Gautam, A. (1994). Water quality ofthe river Ganga (Garhwal-Himalaya). Acta Hydrobiologia, 34(1), 3-15.
Singh, M. & Parikh, P. (2020). Freshwater diatoms as bioindicators in urban wetlands of Central Gujarat, India. Indian Journal of Ecology, 47(1), 7-11.
Singh, S. James, A & Bharose, R. (2017). Biological assessment of water pollution using periphyton productivity: a review. Nature Environment and Pollution Technology, 16(2), 559-567.
Srivastava, K., Das, S.C.S., Thakur, V.R., Alam, A. & Joshi, K.D. (2019). Biodiversity and spatiotemporal variation of periphyton of the river Ganga (Gangotri to Vindyachal). International Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Studies, 7(1),109-115.
Tariq, M., Kotnala, C.B. & Dobriyal, A.K. (2020) Dynamics and diversity of macrozoobenthos in the glacier fed stream Balkhila at Siron in Chamoli Garhwal. Uttar Pradesh J Zool., 41(8), 80-91.
Villeneuve, A. Montuelle, B. & Bouchez, A. (2010). Influence of slight differences in environmental conditions (light, hydrodynamics) on the structure and function of periphyton. Aquat. Sci., 72, 33–44.
Ward, H.B & Whipple, G.V. (1992). Freshwater Biology (ed. W.T Edmondson) J. Wiley and sons. Inc. New York.
Welch, P.S.(1948). Limnology Methods. McGraw Hill, New York.
Wood, R.J., Mitrovic, S.M., Lim, R.P., Warne, M.S.J., Dunlop, J. & Kefford, B.J. (2019). Benthic diatoms as indicators of herbicide toxicity in rivers- A new species at risk (SPEAR herbicides) index. Ecological Indicators, 99, 203-213.
APHA, AWWA, WEF. (2012). Standard methods for the examination of water and waste water.
Baba, A.I., Sofi, A.H., Bhat, S.U. & Pandit, A.K. (2011). Periphytic Algae of River Sindh in the Sonamarg Area of Kashmir Valley. Journal of Phytology, 3(6), 01-12.
Badoni, K., Nuatiyal, R., Bhatt, J.P., Kishor, B. & Nautiyal, P. (1997). Variations in the epilithic diatoms community structure due to river valley project on the Ganga between Rishikesh and Hardwar. Proc. Indian natn. Sci. Acad.,63 (6),523 - 536.
Bahuguna, P. & Baluni, P. (2019). Size-group related variation in the feeding behavior of an ornamental fish, Puntius conchonius from Mandal river in the central Himalaya region of Garhwal, India. Environment Conservation Journal, 20(1&2),139-142.
Bahuguna, P. & Dobriyal, A.K. (2018). First report on the occurrence of some benthic macroinvertebrates in the spring-fed streams of Garhwal Himalaya, India. International Journal of Research and Analytical Research and Analytical Reviews (IJRAR), 5(4), 437-443.
Bahuguna, P. & Dobriyal, A.K. (2020). Population Structure And Drifting Pattern of Aquatic Mites In Randi Gad, A Tributary Of River Alaknanda In Garhwal Himalaya, Uttarakhand, India. J. Mountain Res., 15, 63-70.
Bahuguna, P. & Negi, S. (2018). Distribution patterns of benthic macroinvertebrate community in the spring fed stream of Garhwal Himalaya, India. J.Mountain Res., 13, 51-58.
Bahuguna, P., Rajani, Rayal, R., & Baluni, P. (2021). Observation on ecology and diversity of periphyton community in the Mal Gad stream from Garhwal region, India. Uttar Pradesh Journal Of Zoology, 42(17), 84-94.
Baluguna, P., Joshi, H.K. & Kumar K.(2019). A report on drifting behaviour of odonata (aquatic insects) in Kyunja gada spring fed tributary of river Mandakini, Chamoli Garhwal. Uttarakhand. J. Mountain Res., 14(2), 63-67.
Baluni, P. Kumar, K. &Joshi, H.K. (2018). Ecology, distribution patterns, density and diversity of periphyton in Khankra spring fed stream of Grahwal Himalaya, India. J. Mountain Res., 13, 95-99.
Baluni, P., Kumar, R., Chamoli, K. Joshi, H.K. (2017). Studies on the periphyton density, diversity and physico-chemical parameters of Laster Gad stream in district Rudraprayag from India. J. Mountain Res., 12, 73-79.
Biggs, B. J. F. & Gerbeaux, P. J. (1993). Periphyton development in relation to macro- scale (geology) and microscale (velocity) limiters in two gravelbed rivers, New Zealand. New Zealand journal of marine and freshwater research, 27, 39-53.
Bisht, K.L., Dobriyal, A.K. & Singh, H.R. (2019). A note on the ecosystem health of a glacier fed river Pinder from Chamoli Garhwal , Uttarakhnad. J. Mountain. Res.,4(2), 9-17.
Bray, J.P., Broady, A.P., Niyogi, D.K. & Harding, J.S. (2008). Periphyton communities in New Zealand streams impacted by acid mine drainage. Marine and Freshwater Research, 59, 1084–1091.
Dalu, T., Cuthbert, R.N., Taylor, J.C., Magoro, M.L., Weyl, O.L.F., Froneman, P.W. & Wasserman, R. J. (2020). Benthic diatoms –based indices and isotopic biomonitoring of nitrogen pollution in warm temperate Austral river system. Science of the Total Environment, 748, 142452.
Dobriyal, A. K. & H.R. Singh, (1989). Observations on temporal trends of phytoplankton diversity in the river Nayar of Gorhwal Himalaya. J. Freshwater Biol., 1, 1-6.
Dobriyal, A.K. & Singh, H.R. (1988). Ecological basis for the ichthyofaunal variation in two hillstrteams of Garhwal Himalaya. In: M. Mohan Joseph (Ed.) The First Indian Fisheries Forum Proceedings, Asian Fishery Society, Indian Branch. Page 313-317.
Dobriyal, A.K. (1983). Bio ecology of some coldwater fishes correlated with hydrobiology of the Mandakini and the Nayar. D. Phil Thesis Garhwal University. Page 290.
Dobriyal, A.K., Balodi, V.P., Joshi, H.K., Bahuguna, P. & Kumar, N. (2011). Seasonal cyclicity of Macrozoobenthos correlated with detrimental abiotic factors in the Eastern Nayar of Garhwal Himalaya, Uttarakhand. In: Himalayan Aquatic Biodiversity Conservation and new tools in Biotechnology (Eds. J P Bhatt, Madhu Thapliyal and Ashish Thapliyal). Transmedia Publication, Srinagar Garhwal. pp.94 - 103.
Dutta, R., Dutta, A., Bhagobaty, N. & Bhagabati, S.K.(2018). Periphyton community structure of Namsang stream, Arunachal Pradesh. Journal of Cold water Fisheries, 1(1),113-120.
Edmondson, W.T. (1992). Ward and whipple’s Freshwater bioloh, 2nd edition. John Wiley and sons, New York.
Gurumayum, S.D. & Goswami, U.C. (2013). Studies on seasonal and topographical variations of periphyton in the rivers of Manipur. Journal of Environmental Biology, 34, 599-604.
Harkal, A.D. & Mokashe, S.S. (2015). An Assessment of periphytic fauna of Kagzipura Lake, District Aurangabad, Maharashtra, India. Journal of Basic sciences, 1, 34-38.
Khanna, D.R., Badola, S.P. & Dobriyal, A.K. (1993). Plankton ecology of the river Ganga at Chandighat, Hardwar. In: Singh, H.R.(Ed.). Advances in Limnology.NPH, Delhi. pp.171-174.
Kumar, S. & Nautiyal, P. (2019). Community Features of Benthic Macroinvertebrates and Bioassessment of the Stretch of Bhagirathi River Impacted by Maneri Bhali Stage I Hydroelectric Project. International Journal of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, 45 (3), 311-315.
Matta, G. Kumar, A. & Nayak, A. et al. (2020). Water quality and plantonic composition of river Henwal (India) using comprehensive pollution index as biotic- indices. Trans Indian Natl. Acad. Eng., 5, 541-553.
Moza, U. (2014). River Ravi ecology and fishery. Directorate of Knowledge Management in Agricultural Research, 1-101.
Nautiyal, P. (1986). Studies on the riverine ecology of the torrential waters in Indian uplands of Garhewal region. 2: Seasonal fluctuation in diatoms density. Proc Indian Acad Sci. (Anim. Sci), 93, 671-674.
Nautiyal, R. (2005). Altitudinal variations in the abundance pattern of benthic diatoms in a mountain river. In Nautiyal, P., Bhatt, J.P., Gusain, O.P. & Dobriyal A.K. (Ed.): Biological Diversiyy in Freshwater Environments, Transmedia Srinagar Garhwal. pp.224-241.
Nautiyal, R., Nautiyal.,P. & Singh, H.R. (1996). Impact on sewage on the diatom communities of the river Alkananda (Srinagar Garhwal). Ecol. In addition Env Sci,22 (3), 289-296.
Negi, R.K., Yadav, N. & Vishnoi, V. (2013). Phytoplankton diversity of some selected streams of Dehradun district of Uttarakhand state. Biolife. ICUS. pp. 1654-170.
Negi, S., Bahuguna, P. & Dobriyal, A.K.(2021). Drifting behaviour of aquatic mites and regulating ecological. parameters in Khankragad stream, a spring fed tributary of Alaknanda river, Rudraprayag Garhwal, Uttarakhand, India. J. Mountain Res., 16(1), 61-75.
Niedrist, G.H., Cantonati, M. & Fureder, L. (2018). Environmental harshness mediates the quality of periphyton and chironomid body mass in alpine streams. Freshwater Science, 37(3), 519-533.
Pandey, L.K., Kumar, D., Yadav, A., Rai, J. & Gaur, J.P.(2014). Morphological abnormalities in periphytic diatoms as atool for biomonitoring of heavy metals pollution in a river. Ecological Indicator, 36, 272-279.
Park, J. Bergey, E.A., Han, T. & Pandey, L.K. (2020). Diatoms as indicators of environmental health on Korean islands. Aquatic Toxicology, 227, 105594.
Rana, J.S., Semalty, B., Gusain, M.P. & Gusain, O.P. (2016).Seasonal variation in physicochemical parameters of a glacier-fed river at high montane site. International Journal of Water Research, 6(1), 26-31.
Rashid, H.U. & Pandit, A. K. (2008). Ecology of Plankton community of River Sindh in Kashmir Himalaya. Journal Himalayan Ecology and sustainable development, 3, 11-22.
Rosen, B.H. (1995). Use of periphyton in the development of biocriteria. In: W.S. Davis & T.P. Simon (eds.) Biological Assessment and Criteria: Tools for Water Resource Planning and Decision Making. Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, FL. pp. 415.
Sagir, M. & Dobriyal, A.K.(2020). Structural and function diversity periphyton community from the Western Nayar river of Garhwal Himalaya. Uttar Pradesh Journal of Zoology, 41(1), 15-29.
Selakoti, B. & Rao, S.N. (2015). A study on seasonal fluctuations in physico-chemical variables in spring fed Kosi River at Almora province from central Himalaya, India. Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci., 4(4), 418-425.
Sharma, N. & Sharma, R.C. (2016). Microbiological and physico- chemical assessment of the sacred river Alaknanda, India. International Journal of Agricultural Invention, 1(1), 102 –107.
Sharma, R.C., Bahuguna, M. & Chauhan, P. (2008). Periphytonic diversity in Bhagirathi: Preimpoundment study of Tehri Dam Reservoir. Journal of Environ. Science and Engg., 50(4), 255-262.
Singh, G. & Agarwal, N.K. (2014). Fish assemblage structure and habitat use of the snow fed stream Assiganga - a major tributary of river Bhagirathi in Central Himalaya (India). International Journal of Aquatic Biology, 2(6), 305-312.
Singh, H.R., Nautiyal, P., Dobriyal, A.K., Pokhriyal, R.C., Negi, M., Baduni, V., Nautiyal, R., Agarwal, N. K., Nautiyal, P. & Gautam, A. (1994). Water quality ofthe river Ganga (Garhwal-Himalaya). Acta Hydrobiologia, 34(1), 3-15.
Singh, M. & Parikh, P. (2020). Freshwater diatoms as bioindicators in urban wetlands of Central Gujarat, India. Indian Journal of Ecology, 47(1), 7-11.
Singh, S. James, A & Bharose, R. (2017). Biological assessment of water pollution using periphyton productivity: a review. Nature Environment and Pollution Technology, 16(2), 559-567.
Srivastava, K., Das, S.C.S., Thakur, V.R., Alam, A. & Joshi, K.D. (2019). Biodiversity and spatiotemporal variation of periphyton of the river Ganga (Gangotri to Vindyachal). International Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Studies, 7(1),109-115.
Tariq, M., Kotnala, C.B. & Dobriyal, A.K. (2020) Dynamics and diversity of macrozoobenthos in the glacier fed stream Balkhila at Siron in Chamoli Garhwal. Uttar Pradesh J Zool., 41(8), 80-91.
Villeneuve, A. Montuelle, B. & Bouchez, A. (2010). Influence of slight differences in environmental conditions (light, hydrodynamics) on the structure and function of periphyton. Aquat. Sci., 72, 33–44.
Ward, H.B & Whipple, G.V. (1992). Freshwater Biology (ed. W.T Edmondson) J. Wiley and sons. Inc. New York.
Welch, P.S.(1948). Limnology Methods. McGraw Hill, New York.
Wood, R.J., Mitrovic, S.M., Lim, R.P., Warne, M.S.J., Dunlop, J. & Kefford, B.J. (2019). Benthic diatoms as indicators of herbicide toxicity in rivers- A new species at risk (SPEAR herbicides) index. Ecological Indicators, 99, 203-213.
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Population structure and diversity of the periphyton community in the glacier-fed stream Balkhila at Siron from Garhwal Himalaya. (2022). Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 14(1), 163-171. https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v14i1.3282
