Triazophos induced neuro-splenic toxicity and evaluation of antioxidative potential of aqueous Broccoli extract in Wistar albino rats
Article Main
Abstract
The present investigation was carried out to assess the antioxidative potential of Broccoli sprouts aqueous extract (BE) against triazophos (TZ) induced oxidative stress (OS) in brain and spleen. In the experimental setup, six groups of rats were formed; Control (group 1), BE (group 2), TZ (group 3), and also BE+TZ groups such as BE1 (group 4), BE2 (group 5) and BE3 (group 6) groups. Rats were orally intubated for 30 days as per experimental design. After sacrifice, OS biomarkers viz; catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), and lipid peroxidation (LPO) levels were determined in brain and spleen. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity was observed in plasma and brain samples. Histological study of the spleen in TZ rats showed increased thickness of capsule, congestion and hypocellularity in follicles of spleen’s white pulp and the histoarchitecture was restored in TZ+BE group rats. TZ caused degenerative changes in brain histology and rats showed mild congestion along with haemorrhage in the cerebral cortex. Results suggest that TZ exposure is associated with neural toxicity along with altered spleen stress biomarkers, which further corroborates with histopathological findings. It is inferred that BE exerts multi-mechanistic protective effects against TZ induced neuro-splenic toxicity which is attributable to its protective antioxidant actions.
Article Details
Article Details
Keywords
Antioxidant enzymes, Brain, Broccoli Extract, Spleen, Triazophos
References
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Agrawal. A. & Sharma, B. (2010). Pesticides induced oxidative stress in mammalian systems: Review Article. International Journal Of Biological and Medical Research, 1(3), 90-104.
Ainsworth, E.A. & Gillespie, K.M. (2007). Estimation of total phenolic content and other oxidation substrates in plant tissues using Folin-Ciocalteu reagent. Nature Protocols, 2(4), 875-7.
Babaei, A., Arshami, J., Haghparast, A. & Mesgaran, M.D. (2014). Effects of saffron (Crocus sativus) petal ethanolic extract on hematology, antibody response, and spleen histology in rats. Avicenna Journal of Phytomedicine, 4(2), 103-109.
Baird, L. & Dinkova-Kostova, A.T. (2011). The cytoprotective role of the Keap1-Nrf2 pathway. Archives of Toxicology, 85, 241-272.
Barlas, N. & Aydofan, M. (2009). Histopathologic effects of maternal 4-tert-octylphenol exposure on liver, kidney and spleen of rats at adulthood. Archives of Toxicology, 83, 341–349.
Carlberg, I. & Mannervik, B. (1985). Glutathione reductase. Methods Enzymology, 113, 484-490.
Cekic, C., Casella, C.R., Sag, D., Antignano, F., Kolb, J., Suttles, J., Hughes, M.R., Krystal, G. & Mitchell, T.C. (2011). MyD88-dependent SHIP1 regulates proinflammatory signaling pathways in dendritic cells after monophosphoryl lipid A stimulation of TLR4. Journal of Immunology, 186, 3858–3865.
Chang, C.C., Yang, M.H., Wen, H.M. & Chern, J.C. (2002). Estimation of Total Flavonoid Content in Propolis by Two Complementary Colorimetric Methods. Journal of Food and Drug Analysis, 10(3), 178-182.
Chaudiere, J. & Ferrari-iliou, R. (1999). Intracellular antioxidants: from chemical to biochemical mechanisms. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 37, 949–962.
Chen, X.P., Chao, Y.S., Chen, W.Z. & Dong, J.Y. (2017). Mother gestational exposure to organophosphorus pesticide induces neuron and glia loss in daughter adult brain. Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part B, 52, 2. doi: 10.1080/03601234.2016.1239973
Chen, Y.J.D., Conte, J., Lin, Y., Gemelli, A., Castro, A., Yarlagadda, S., Gonzalez, S. & Philips, N. (2008). Sulforaphane, an extract from broccoli, prevents skin cancer. Journal of Plastic Dermatology, 4, 165–166.
Gao, J., Naughton, S.X., Beck, W.D., Hernandez, C.M., Wu, G., Wei, Z., Yang, X., Bartlett, M.G. & Terry, A.V.Jr. (2017). Chlorpyrifos and chlorpyrifos oxon impair the transport of membrane bound organelles in rat cortical axons. Neuro Toxicology, 62, 111-123.
Gao, Z., Xu, H., Chen, X. & Chen, K. (2003). Antioxidant status and mineral contents in tissues of rutin and baicalin fed rats. Life Science. 73, 1599-607.
Garman, R.H. (2011). Histology of the Central Nervous System. Toxicologic Pathology, 39, 22-35.
Gerhauser, C. (2013). Cancer chemoprevention and nutriepigenetics: state of the art and future challenges. Topics in Current Chemistry, 329, 73-132.
Ghosh, P.K. & Philip, L. (2006). Environmental significance of atrazine in aqueous systems and its removal by biological processes: An overview. Global NEST Journal, 8(2), 159-78.
Giacoppo, S., Galuppo, M., Iori, R., De Nicola, G.R., Bramanti, P. & Mazzon, E. (2014). (RS)-glucoraphanin purified from Tuscan black kale and bioactivated with myrosinase enzyme protects against cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury in rats. Fitoterapia, 99, 166-77.
Giacoppo, S., Galuppo, M., Montaut, S., Iori, R., Rollin, P., Bramanti, P. & Mazzon, E. (2015). An overview on neuroprotective effects of isothiocyanates for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. Fitoterapia, 106, 12-21.
Guerrero-Beltrán, C.E., Calderón-Oliver, M., Pedraza-Chaverri, J. & Chirino, Y.I. (2012). Protective effect of sulforaphane against oxidative stress: recent advances. Experimental Toxicologic Pathology, 64, 503-508.
Habig, W.H., Pabst, M.J. & Jakoby, W.B. (1974). Glutathione S-transferases. The first enzymatic step in mercapturic acid formation. The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 246, 7130-7139.
Hafeman, D.G., Sunde, R.A. & Hoekstra, W.G. (1984). Effect of dietary selenium on erythrocyte and liver glutathione peroxidase in the rat. The Journal of Nutrition, 104, 580-587.
Hu, Q., Li, S., Qiao, E., Tang, Z., Jin, E., Jin, G. & Gu, Y. (2014). Effects of boron on structure and antioxidative activities of spleen in rats. Biological Trace Element Research, 158(1), 73-80.
Hussien, H.M., Abdou, H.M. & Yousef, M.I. (2013). Cypermethrin induced damage in genomic DNA and histopathological changes in brain and haematotoxicity in rats: The protective effect of sesame oil. Brain Research Bulletin, 92, 76-83.
Jeffery, E.H. & Araya, M. (2009). Physiological effects of broccoli consumption. Phytochemistry Review, 8(1), 283-98.
Katiyar, C.K., Gupta, A., Kanjilal, S. & Katiyar, S. (2012). Drug discovery from plant sources: An integrated approach. Ayu, 33(1), 10-9.
Khan, A.M., Raina, R., Dubey, N. & Verma, P.K. (2017). Effect of deltamethrin and fluoride co-exposure on the brain antioxidant status and cholinesterase activity in Wistar rats. Drug and Chemical Toxicology doi: 10.1080/01480545.2017.1321009
Koh, E., Wimalasiri, K.M.S., Chassy, A.W. & Mitchell, A.E. (2009). Content of ascorbic acid, quercetin, kaempferol and total phenolics in commercial broccoli. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis, 22, 637–643.
Leibson, T. & Lifshutz, M. (2008). Organophosphate and carbamate poisoning: review of the current literature and summary of clinical and laboratory experience in Southern Israel. The Israel Medical Association Journal, 10, 767- 770.
Li, W., Qiu, S. & Wu, Y. (2008). Triazophos residues and dissipation rates in wheat crops and soil. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 69(2), 312-16.
Lowry, O.H., Rosebrough, N.J., Farr, A.L. & Randall, A.J. (1951). Protein measurement with folin phenol reagent. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 193, 265-75.
Mansour, S.A. & Mossa, A.H. (2010). Oxidative damage, biochemical and histopathological alterations in rats exposed to chlorpyrifos and the antioxidant role of zinc. Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology, 96, 14-23.
Marklund, S. & Marklund, G. (1974). Involvement of the superoxide anion radical in the autoxidation of pyrogallol and a convenient assay for superoxide dismutase. European Journal of Biochemistry, 47, 469-474.
Mohamadin, A.M., Sheikh, B., Abd El-Aal, A.A., Elberry, A.A. & Al-Abbasi, F.A. (2010). Protective effects of Nigella sativa oil on propoxur-induced toxicity and oxidative stress in rat brain regions. Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology, 98, 128-134.
Moller, P., Ploger, A. & Sørensen, H. (1985). Quantitative analysis of total glucosinolate content in concentrated extracts from double low rapeseed by the Pd-glucosinolate complex method. In: Sørensen H., editor. (ed.) Advances in the Production and Utilization of Cruciferous Crop, Martinus Nijhoff/DR W. Junk Publishers, Dordrecht, pp. 97–110.
Pajovic, S.B., Saicic, Z.S., Spasic, M.B. & Petrovic, M.B. (2003). The effect of ovarian hormones on antioxidant enzyme activities in the brain of male rats. Physiological Reviews, 52, 189–194.
Pa?ko, P., Kro?niak, M., Prochownik, E., Tyszka-Czochara, M., Fo?ta, M., Francik, R., Sikora, J., Malinowski, M. & Zagrodzki, P. (2018). Effect of broccoli sprouts on thyroid function, haematological, biochemical, and immunological parameters in rats with thyroid imbalance. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy, 97, 82-90.
Ren, J., Fan, C., Chen, N., Huang, J. & Yang, Q. (2011). Resveratrol pretreatment attenuates cerebral ischemic injury by upregulating expression of transcription factor Nrf2 and HO-1 in rats. Neurochemical Research, 36, 2352–2362.
Rezvanfar, M.A., Rezvanfar, M.A., Ranjbar, A., Baeeri, M., Mohammadirad, A. & Abdollahi, M. (2010). Biochemical evidence on positive effects of rolipram a phosphodiesterase-4inhibitor in malathion-induced toxic stress in rat blood and brain mitochondria. Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology, 98, 135–143.
Sajeesh, T., Arunachalam, K. & Parimelazhagan, T. (2011). Antioxidant and antipyretic studies on Pothos scandens L. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine, 4, 889-99.
Saoudi, M., Hmida, I.B., Kammoun, W., Rebah, F.B., Jamoussi, K. & Feki, A.E. (2017). Protective effects of oil of Sardinella pilchardis against subacute chlorpyrifos-induced oxidative stress in female rats. Archives of Environmental Occupational Health, doi: 10.1080/19338 244.2017.1317627
Sharma, D. & Sangha, G.K. (2014). Triazophos induced oxidative stress and histomorphological changes in liver and kidney of female albino rats. Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology, 110, 71-80.
Sharma, D. & Sangha, G.K. (2018). Antioxidative effects of aqueous extract of broccoli sprouts against Triazophos induced hepatic and renal toxicity in female Wistar rats. Journal of Applied Biomedicine, 16(2), 100-110.
Sharma, D., Sangha, G.K. & Khera, K.S. (2015). Triazophos induced oxidative stress and histomorphological changes in ovary of female Wistar rats. Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology, 117, 9-18.
Sharma, D., Sangha, G.K. & Khera, K.S. (2015a). Effect of Preconceptional Exposure of Triazophos Formulation on Fertility and Reproductive Performance of Female Wistar Rats, Rattus norvegicus. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, India Section B: Biological Sciences, 85(4), 987-992.
Sharma, P. & Singh, R. (2012). Efficacy of trans-2-hydroxycinnamic acid against trichlorfon-induced oxidative stress in Wistar rats. Toxicology International, 19(3), 295-300.
Singh, S., Kaur, S. & Budhiraja, R.D. (2013). Chlorpyrifos-induced oxidative stress in rat’s brain and protective effect of grape seed extract. Journal of Phytopharmacology, 2(3), 26-33.
Smida, A., Ncibi, S., Taleb, J., Saad, A.B., Ncib, S. & Zourgui, L. (2017). Immunoprotective activity and antioxidant properties of cactus (Opuntia ficus indica) extract against chlorpyrifos toxicity in rats. Biomedicine Pharmacotherapy, 88, 844-851.
Stocks, J. & Dormandy, T.L. (1971). The autoxidation of human red cell lipids induced by hydrogen peroxide. British Journal of Haematology, 120(1), 95-111.
Uzun, F.G. & Kalender, Y. (2011). Protective effect of vitamin C and E on malathion induced nephrotoxicity in male rats. Gazi University Journal of Science, 24(2), 193-200.
Voss G, Sachsse K (1970). Red cell and plasma cholinesterase activities in microsamples of human and animal blood determined simultaneously by a modified acetylthiocholine/DTNB procedure. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, 16, 764-777.
Vouldoukis, I., Lacan, D., Kamate, C., Coste, P., Calenda, A., Mazier, D., Conti, M. & Dugas, B. (2004). Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of a Cucumis melo LC. Extract rich in superoxide dismutase activity. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 94, 67-75.
Wang, P., Wang, J., Sun, Y.J., Yang, L. & Wu, Y.J. (2017). Cadmium and chlorpyrifos inhibit cellular immune response in spleen of rats. Environmental Toxicology, 32, 1927–1936.
Wu, J., Li, Z., Wu, L., Zhong, F., Cui, N., Dai, Y. & Cheng, S. (2017). Triazophos (TAP) removal in horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetlands (HSCWs)and its accumulation in plants and substrates. Scientific Reports, 7, 5468 doi:10.1038/s41598-017-05874-0
Wu, J.C., Lai, C.S., Tsai, M.L. & Pan, M.H. (2017a). Chemopreventive effect of natural dietary compounds on xenobiotic-induced toxicity. Journal of Food and Drug Analysis, 25, 176-186.
Yaduvanshi, S.K., Oiha, A., Pant, S.C., Lomash, V. & Srivastava, N. (2010). Monocrotophos induced lipid peroxidation and oxidative DNA damage in rat tissues. Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology, 97, 214–222.
Zhan, H., Huang, F., Yan, F., Zhao, Z., Zhang, J., Cui, T., Yang, F., Hai, G., Jia, X. & Shi, Y. (2017). Alterations in splenic function and gene expression in mice with depressive-like behavior induced by exposure to corticosterone. International Journal of Molecular Medicine, 39(2), 327–336.
Aebi, H. (1983). Catalase methods in Enzymatic Analysis (ed) Bergmeryer HU Vol 3, Academic Press, New York. Pp. 276-86.
Agrawal. A. & Sharma, B. (2010). Pesticides induced oxidative stress in mammalian systems: Review Article. International Journal Of Biological and Medical Research, 1(3), 90-104.
Ainsworth, E.A. & Gillespie, K.M. (2007). Estimation of total phenolic content and other oxidation substrates in plant tissues using Folin-Ciocalteu reagent. Nature Protocols, 2(4), 875-7.
Babaei, A., Arshami, J., Haghparast, A. & Mesgaran, M.D. (2014). Effects of saffron (Crocus sativus) petal ethanolic extract on hematology, antibody response, and spleen histology in rats. Avicenna Journal of Phytomedicine, 4(2), 103-109.
Baird, L. & Dinkova-Kostova, A.T. (2011). The cytoprotective role of the Keap1-Nrf2 pathway. Archives of Toxicology, 85, 241-272.
Barlas, N. & Aydofan, M. (2009). Histopathologic effects of maternal 4-tert-octylphenol exposure on liver, kidney and spleen of rats at adulthood. Archives of Toxicology, 83, 341–349.
Carlberg, I. & Mannervik, B. (1985). Glutathione reductase. Methods Enzymology, 113, 484-490.
Cekic, C., Casella, C.R., Sag, D., Antignano, F., Kolb, J., Suttles, J., Hughes, M.R., Krystal, G. & Mitchell, T.C. (2011). MyD88-dependent SHIP1 regulates proinflammatory signaling pathways in dendritic cells after monophosphoryl lipid A stimulation of TLR4. Journal of Immunology, 186, 3858–3865.
Chang, C.C., Yang, M.H., Wen, H.M. & Chern, J.C. (2002). Estimation of Total Flavonoid Content in Propolis by Two Complementary Colorimetric Methods. Journal of Food and Drug Analysis, 10(3), 178-182.
Chaudiere, J. & Ferrari-iliou, R. (1999). Intracellular antioxidants: from chemical to biochemical mechanisms. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 37, 949–962.
Chen, X.P., Chao, Y.S., Chen, W.Z. & Dong, J.Y. (2017). Mother gestational exposure to organophosphorus pesticide induces neuron and glia loss in daughter adult brain. Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part B, 52, 2. doi: 10.1080/03601234.2016.1239973
Chen, Y.J.D., Conte, J., Lin, Y., Gemelli, A., Castro, A., Yarlagadda, S., Gonzalez, S. & Philips, N. (2008). Sulforaphane, an extract from broccoli, prevents skin cancer. Journal of Plastic Dermatology, 4, 165–166.
Gao, J., Naughton, S.X., Beck, W.D., Hernandez, C.M., Wu, G., Wei, Z., Yang, X., Bartlett, M.G. & Terry, A.V.Jr. (2017). Chlorpyrifos and chlorpyrifos oxon impair the transport of membrane bound organelles in rat cortical axons. Neuro Toxicology, 62, 111-123.
Gao, Z., Xu, H., Chen, X. & Chen, K. (2003). Antioxidant status and mineral contents in tissues of rutin and baicalin fed rats. Life Science. 73, 1599-607.
Garman, R.H. (2011). Histology of the Central Nervous System. Toxicologic Pathology, 39, 22-35.
Gerhauser, C. (2013). Cancer chemoprevention and nutriepigenetics: state of the art and future challenges. Topics in Current Chemistry, 329, 73-132.
Ghosh, P.K. & Philip, L. (2006). Environmental significance of atrazine in aqueous systems and its removal by biological processes: An overview. Global NEST Journal, 8(2), 159-78.
Giacoppo, S., Galuppo, M., Iori, R., De Nicola, G.R., Bramanti, P. & Mazzon, E. (2014). (RS)-glucoraphanin purified from Tuscan black kale and bioactivated with myrosinase enzyme protects against cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury in rats. Fitoterapia, 99, 166-77.
Giacoppo, S., Galuppo, M., Montaut, S., Iori, R., Rollin, P., Bramanti, P. & Mazzon, E. (2015). An overview on neuroprotective effects of isothiocyanates for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. Fitoterapia, 106, 12-21.
Guerrero-Beltrán, C.E., Calderón-Oliver, M., Pedraza-Chaverri, J. & Chirino, Y.I. (2012). Protective effect of sulforaphane against oxidative stress: recent advances. Experimental Toxicologic Pathology, 64, 503-508.
Habig, W.H., Pabst, M.J. & Jakoby, W.B. (1974). Glutathione S-transferases. The first enzymatic step in mercapturic acid formation. The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 246, 7130-7139.
Hafeman, D.G., Sunde, R.A. & Hoekstra, W.G. (1984). Effect of dietary selenium on erythrocyte and liver glutathione peroxidase in the rat. The Journal of Nutrition, 104, 580-587.
Hu, Q., Li, S., Qiao, E., Tang, Z., Jin, E., Jin, G. & Gu, Y. (2014). Effects of boron on structure and antioxidative activities of spleen in rats. Biological Trace Element Research, 158(1), 73-80.
Hussien, H.M., Abdou, H.M. & Yousef, M.I. (2013). Cypermethrin induced damage in genomic DNA and histopathological changes in brain and haematotoxicity in rats: The protective effect of sesame oil. Brain Research Bulletin, 92, 76-83.
Jeffery, E.H. & Araya, M. (2009). Physiological effects of broccoli consumption. Phytochemistry Review, 8(1), 283-98.
Katiyar, C.K., Gupta, A., Kanjilal, S. & Katiyar, S. (2012). Drug discovery from plant sources: An integrated approach. Ayu, 33(1), 10-9.
Khan, A.M., Raina, R., Dubey, N. & Verma, P.K. (2017). Effect of deltamethrin and fluoride co-exposure on the brain antioxidant status and cholinesterase activity in Wistar rats. Drug and Chemical Toxicology doi: 10.1080/01480545.2017.1321009
Koh, E., Wimalasiri, K.M.S., Chassy, A.W. & Mitchell, A.E. (2009). Content of ascorbic acid, quercetin, kaempferol and total phenolics in commercial broccoli. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis, 22, 637–643.
Leibson, T. & Lifshutz, M. (2008). Organophosphate and carbamate poisoning: review of the current literature and summary of clinical and laboratory experience in Southern Israel. The Israel Medical Association Journal, 10, 767- 770.
Li, W., Qiu, S. & Wu, Y. (2008). Triazophos residues and dissipation rates in wheat crops and soil. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 69(2), 312-16.
Lowry, O.H., Rosebrough, N.J., Farr, A.L. & Randall, A.J. (1951). Protein measurement with folin phenol reagent. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 193, 265-75.
Mansour, S.A. & Mossa, A.H. (2010). Oxidative damage, biochemical and histopathological alterations in rats exposed to chlorpyrifos and the antioxidant role of zinc. Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology, 96, 14-23.
Marklund, S. & Marklund, G. (1974). Involvement of the superoxide anion radical in the autoxidation of pyrogallol and a convenient assay for superoxide dismutase. European Journal of Biochemistry, 47, 469-474.
Mohamadin, A.M., Sheikh, B., Abd El-Aal, A.A., Elberry, A.A. & Al-Abbasi, F.A. (2010). Protective effects of Nigella sativa oil on propoxur-induced toxicity and oxidative stress in rat brain regions. Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology, 98, 128-134.
Moller, P., Ploger, A. & Sørensen, H. (1985). Quantitative analysis of total glucosinolate content in concentrated extracts from double low rapeseed by the Pd-glucosinolate complex method. In: Sørensen H., editor. (ed.) Advances in the Production and Utilization of Cruciferous Crop, Martinus Nijhoff/DR W. Junk Publishers, Dordrecht, pp. 97–110.
Pajovic, S.B., Saicic, Z.S., Spasic, M.B. & Petrovic, M.B. (2003). The effect of ovarian hormones on antioxidant enzyme activities in the brain of male rats. Physiological Reviews, 52, 189–194.
Pa?ko, P., Kro?niak, M., Prochownik, E., Tyszka-Czochara, M., Fo?ta, M., Francik, R., Sikora, J., Malinowski, M. & Zagrodzki, P. (2018). Effect of broccoli sprouts on thyroid function, haematological, biochemical, and immunological parameters in rats with thyroid imbalance. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy, 97, 82-90.
Ren, J., Fan, C., Chen, N., Huang, J. & Yang, Q. (2011). Resveratrol pretreatment attenuates cerebral ischemic injury by upregulating expression of transcription factor Nrf2 and HO-1 in rats. Neurochemical Research, 36, 2352–2362.
Rezvanfar, M.A., Rezvanfar, M.A., Ranjbar, A., Baeeri, M., Mohammadirad, A. & Abdollahi, M. (2010). Biochemical evidence on positive effects of rolipram a phosphodiesterase-4inhibitor in malathion-induced toxic stress in rat blood and brain mitochondria. Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology, 98, 135–143.
Sajeesh, T., Arunachalam, K. & Parimelazhagan, T. (2011). Antioxidant and antipyretic studies on Pothos scandens L. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine, 4, 889-99.
Saoudi, M., Hmida, I.B., Kammoun, W., Rebah, F.B., Jamoussi, K. & Feki, A.E. (2017). Protective effects of oil of Sardinella pilchardis against subacute chlorpyrifos-induced oxidative stress in female rats. Archives of Environmental Occupational Health, doi: 10.1080/19338 244.2017.1317627
Sharma, D. & Sangha, G.K. (2014). Triazophos induced oxidative stress and histomorphological changes in liver and kidney of female albino rats. Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology, 110, 71-80.
Sharma, D. & Sangha, G.K. (2018). Antioxidative effects of aqueous extract of broccoli sprouts against Triazophos induced hepatic and renal toxicity in female Wistar rats. Journal of Applied Biomedicine, 16(2), 100-110.
Sharma, D., Sangha, G.K. & Khera, K.S. (2015). Triazophos induced oxidative stress and histomorphological changes in ovary of female Wistar rats. Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology, 117, 9-18.
Sharma, D., Sangha, G.K. & Khera, K.S. (2015a). Effect of Preconceptional Exposure of Triazophos Formulation on Fertility and Reproductive Performance of Female Wistar Rats, Rattus norvegicus. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, India Section B: Biological Sciences, 85(4), 987-992.
Sharma, P. & Singh, R. (2012). Efficacy of trans-2-hydroxycinnamic acid against trichlorfon-induced oxidative stress in Wistar rats. Toxicology International, 19(3), 295-300.
Singh, S., Kaur, S. & Budhiraja, R.D. (2013). Chlorpyrifos-induced oxidative stress in rat’s brain and protective effect of grape seed extract. Journal of Phytopharmacology, 2(3), 26-33.
Smida, A., Ncibi, S., Taleb, J., Saad, A.B., Ncib, S. & Zourgui, L. (2017). Immunoprotective activity and antioxidant properties of cactus (Opuntia ficus indica) extract against chlorpyrifos toxicity in rats. Biomedicine Pharmacotherapy, 88, 844-851.
Stocks, J. & Dormandy, T.L. (1971). The autoxidation of human red cell lipids induced by hydrogen peroxide. British Journal of Haematology, 120(1), 95-111.
Uzun, F.G. & Kalender, Y. (2011). Protective effect of vitamin C and E on malathion induced nephrotoxicity in male rats. Gazi University Journal of Science, 24(2), 193-200.
Voss G, Sachsse K (1970). Red cell and plasma cholinesterase activities in microsamples of human and animal blood determined simultaneously by a modified acetylthiocholine/DTNB procedure. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, 16, 764-777.
Vouldoukis, I., Lacan, D., Kamate, C., Coste, P., Calenda, A., Mazier, D., Conti, M. & Dugas, B. (2004). Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of a Cucumis melo LC. Extract rich in superoxide dismutase activity. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 94, 67-75.
Wang, P., Wang, J., Sun, Y.J., Yang, L. & Wu, Y.J. (2017). Cadmium and chlorpyrifos inhibit cellular immune response in spleen of rats. Environmental Toxicology, 32, 1927–1936.
Wu, J., Li, Z., Wu, L., Zhong, F., Cui, N., Dai, Y. & Cheng, S. (2017). Triazophos (TAP) removal in horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetlands (HSCWs)and its accumulation in plants and substrates. Scientific Reports, 7, 5468 doi:10.1038/s41598-017-05874-0
Wu, J.C., Lai, C.S., Tsai, M.L. & Pan, M.H. (2017a). Chemopreventive effect of natural dietary compounds on xenobiotic-induced toxicity. Journal of Food and Drug Analysis, 25, 176-186.
Yaduvanshi, S.K., Oiha, A., Pant, S.C., Lomash, V. & Srivastava, N. (2010). Monocrotophos induced lipid peroxidation and oxidative DNA damage in rat tissues. Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology, 97, 214–222.
Zhan, H., Huang, F., Yan, F., Zhao, Z., Zhang, J., Cui, T., Yang, F., Hai, G., Jia, X. & Shi, Y. (2017). Alterations in splenic function and gene expression in mice with depressive-like behavior induced by exposure to corticosterone. International Journal of Molecular Medicine, 39(2), 327–336.
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How to Cite
Triazophos induced neuro-splenic toxicity and evaluation of antioxidative potential of aqueous Broccoli extract in Wistar albino rats. (2021). Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 13(2), 616-626. https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v13i2.2644
