Effect of agronomic biofortification on growth, yield, uptake and quality characters of maize (Zea mays .L) through integrated management practices under North-eastern region of Tamil Nadu, India
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Abstract
Agronomic biofortification increases the concentration of target mineral in edible portions of crops by the use of mineral fertilizers to increase dietary intake of target minerals. Among these iron and zinc deficiencies in human nutrition are noticed in countries where maize is the staple food. The objective of this study was to evaluate agronomic biofortification performance in association with Integrated Nutrient Management in maize (Zea mays .L). The study was conducted under field conditions in Chinnakandiankuppam village, Vriddhachalam Taluk, in the North-eastern region of Tamil Nadu state, India of Kharif 2020 season. Two hybrids in main plots (M1 – Non biofortified and M2 – Biofortified) were combined with six treatments in sub-plots (100 % RDF through NPK (S1), 100 % RDF through FYM (S2), 50% RDF through NPK + 50% through FYM (S3) as soil application, S1+ Zinc + Iron (S4), S2 +Zinc + Iron (S5) and S3 + Zinc + Iron (S6) as foliar application with evaluations were carried out in wet
season period of the year. Application of 50 percent RDF through NPK + 50 percent RDF through FYM with Fe, Zn, foliar
applications (S6) was the most efficient agronomic biofortification practice for growth attributes, yield and yield attributes, nutrient uptake, and quality parameters for the maize cropping system under the irrigated condition of the northeastern zone of Tamilnadu State, India.
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Keywords
Biofortification, Foliar, Iron, Nutrition, Zinc
References
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Amanat, A. A. (1998). Effect of variable rates of nitrogen and phosphorus on growth and yield of maize. M.Sc., Thesis, Department of Agronomy, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad – Pakistan.
Amanullah, M.M. (1997). Effect of intercropping fertilizer levels and organic manures on the growth and yield of cassava (Manihot escluenta crantz). Ph.D. Thesis, TNAU, Coimbatore.
Augustine, R and Kalyanasundaram, D. (2020a). Agronomic biofortification through micronutrient management in maize: A review. Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 12(3), 430-437.
Augustine, R and Kalyanasundaram,D. (2020b). Agronomic biofortification of food crops with micronutrients. Plant Archives, 20(2), 1383-1387.
Augustine, R and Kalyanasundaram, D. (2020c). Perspectives on enhancing value of Agronomic biofortification in maize. Journal of Plant Development Science, 12(7), 383-388.
Auwal Tukur Wailare and Amit Kesarwani (2017). Effect of Integrated Nutrient Management on Growth and Yield parameters of Maize (Zea mays I.) As well as Soil Physico-chemical Properties. Biomed J. Sci & Tech Res., 1(2), 1-6.
Ayoola, O.T. and E.A. Makinde. (2009). Maize growth, yield and soil nutrient changes with N-enriched organic fertilizers. African Journal of food, agriculture, nutrition and development, 9(1), 580-592.
Binoy Chhetri and A. C. Sinha (2017). Growth and development of maize (Zea mays L.) in response to different moisture conservation and Agronomic Biofortification under rainfed condition. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, 6(6), 1696-1701.
Cakmak, I. (2008). Enrichment of cereal grains with zinc: Agronomic or genetic biofortification? Plant Soil, 302, 1-17.
Cakmak, I., Pfeiffer, W.H., McClafferty, B. (2010). Biofortification of durum wheat with zinc and iron. Cereal Chem., 87(1), 10-20.
Chakraborti, M., Prasanna, B.M., Hossain, F., Singh, A.M. and Guleria, S.K. (2009). Genetic evaluation of kenel Fe and Zn concentrations and yield performance of selected maize (Zea mays L.) genotypes. Range Management and Agro-forestry, 30, 109-114.
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Hythum, M. S. And Nasser, K. B. (2012). Importance of Micronutrients and its Application methods for Improving Maize (Zea Mays L.) Yield Grown in Clayey Soil. American Eurasian J. Agric Environ Sci., 12(7), 954-959.
Kalyanasundaram. D and R. Augustine (2020). Production and Economics of Hybrid Maize (Zea mays L.) under Integrated Nutrient Management Practices. Agricultural Science Digest, D-5242 :1-7 DOI: 10.18805/ag.D-5242
Kalyanasundaram. D., R. Augustine and S. Harini Sri (2020). Integrated Nutrient Management in Hybrid Maize (Zea mays L.). Journal of Development Sciences, 12(8), 493-496.
Karan Verma, A.D. Bindra, Janardan Singh, S.C. Negi, Naveen Datt, Usha Rana and Sandeep Manuja, (2018). Int. Jr. Pure App. Bio sci., 6(3), 282-301.
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Lakshmanan, R., Prasad, R. and Jain, M.C. (2005). Yield and uptake of micronutrients by rice as influenced by duration of variety and nitrogen utilization. Arch. Agron. Soil Sci. 51,1-14.
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Manzeke, G.M., Mapfumo, P., Mtambanengwe, F., Chikowo, R., Tendayi, T., Cakmak, I. (2012). Soil fertility management effects on maize productivity and grain zinc content in smallholder farming systems of Zimbabwe. Plant Soil, 361, 57-69.
Marschner, P. and Zed Rengel. (2012). Marschner's mineral nutrition of higher plants. 3rd Edition. Elsevier, 12, 315-330.
Mohsin, A.U., Ahmad, A.U.H., Farooq, M. and Ullah, S. (2014). Influence of zinc application through seed treatment and foliar spray on growth, productivity and grain quality of hybrid maize. The journal of Animal & Plant Sciences, 24, 1494-1503.
NCoMM (2017). special report on Maize, NCML, September 2017
Nikhil Kumar and Salakinkop, SR. (2018). Agronomic Biofortification of Maize with Zinc and Iron Micronutrients. Modern Concepts & Development in Agronomy, 1(5), 2-5
Okoroafor, I., Okelola, E., Edeh, O., Nemehute, V., Onu, C., Nwaneri, T. and Chinaka, G. (2013). Effect of organic manure on the growth and yield performance of maize in Ishiagu, Ebonyi State, Nigeria. IOSR J. Agric. Vet. Sci., 5, 28-31.
Ozturk, L., Yazici, M.A., Yucel, C., Torun, A., Cekic, C., Bagci, A., Ozkan, H., Braun, H.J., Sayers, Z. and Cakmak, I. (2006). Concentration and localization of zinc during seed development and germination in wheat. Physiol. Plant, 128,144-152.
Pandey, KK., Awasthi, A. 2014. Integrated nutrient management in the maize (Zea mays L.) yield and soil properties. Internat. Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 10(1), 244-246.
Patil, S., Girijesh, G., Nandini, K., Kumar, K., Pradeep, L. and Kumar, TR. (2017). Effect of zinc application through soil and foliar means on bio-fortification of zinc in rainfed maize (Zea mays L.). Int. J. Pure Appl. Biol. Sci. 5, 246-253.
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Pooniya, V. and Shivay, YS. (2013). Enrichment of Basmati rice grain and Straw with Zinc and nitrogen through ferti-fortification and summer green manuring under Indo-Gangetic plains of India. Journal of Plant Nutrition, 36(1), 91-117.
Priya, S., Kaushik, M.K., Sharma, S.K., and Priyanka, K. (2014). Impact of integrated nutrient management on productivity of maize (Zea mays L.) Annals of Biology, 30(1), 106-108.
Rajesh Ranjan Kumar, Neeraj Kumar, Jang Bahadur Rana and Kedar Nath Rai. (2018). Effect of Integrated Nutrient Management on yield of maize crop under rainfed condition in eastern part of uttarpradesh, India. Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci., 7(9), 21-34.
Rahman, M.H., Islam, M.R., Jahiruddin, M., Puteh, A.B. and Mondal, M.M.A. (2013). Influence of Organic Matter on Nitrogen Mineralization Pattern in Soils under Different Moisture Regimes. International Journal of Agriculture and Biology, 15, 55-61.
Ravi, N., Basavarajappa, R., Chandrashekar, CP., Harlapur, SI. and Hosamani MH. (2012). Effect of Integrated Nutrient Management on Growth and Yield of Quality Protein Maize. Karnataka J. Agri Sci., 25(3), 395-396.
Roman Nissar, R. Zahida, R.H. Kanth, Ganai Manzoor, Raheel Shafeeq, H. Ashaq, R. Waseem, Raies A Bhat, M. Anwar Bhat and Sheikh Tahir. (2019). Agronomic Biofortification of major cereals with zinc and iron – A review. Agricultural reviews, 40(1), 21-28.
Sadiq Naveed, Abdur Rehim, Muhammad Imran, Muhammad Amjad Bashir, Muhammad Faraz Anwar and Fiaz Ahmad. (2018). Organic manures: an efficient move towards maize grain. International Journal of Recycling of Organic Waste in Agriculture, 7, 189-197.
Saleem, I., Javid, S., Bibi, F., Ehsan, S., Niaz, A. and Ahmad, Z.A. (2016). Biofortification of maize grain with zinc and iron by using fertilizing approach. Journal of Agriculture and Ecology Research International, 7(4), 1-6.
Shahzad, Z., Rouached, H., Rakha, A. (2014). Combating mineral malnutrition through iron and zinc biofortification of cereals. Compr. Rev. Food Sci. Food Saf., 13(3), 329-346.
Shi, R., Zhnag, Y., Chen, X., Sun, Q., Zhang, F., Romheld, V., Zou, C. (2010). Influence of long-term nitrogen fertilization on micronutrient density in grain of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum I.,), J. Cereal Sci., 51 (1), 165-170.
Shinde, SA., Patange, MJ. and Dhage, SJ. (2014). Influence of irrigation schedules and integrated nutrient management on growth, yield and quality of rabi maize (Zea mays L.). International Journal of Current Microbiological Applied Sciences, 3(12), 828-832.
Shivay, Y.S. and Prasad, R. (2012). Zinc coated urea improves productivity and quality of basmatic rice (oryza sativa) under zinc stress condition. Journal of Plant Nutrition, 35, 928-951.
Sindhi, SJ., JD. Thanki and LJ. Desai. (2018). A review on integrated nutrient management (INM) approach for maize. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, 7(4), 3266-3269.
Singh, JP., Dahiya, DJ. and Vinod, K. (1995). Effect of nitrogen and iron supply on growth and nutrient uptake of maize on sandy soil. Crop Res., 10(3), 271-276.
Tasneem Khaliq, Tariqmahmod, Javed Kamal and Amir Masod. (2004). Effectiveness of farmyard manure, Poultry manure and nitrogen for corn (Zea mays L.) productivity. International Journal of Agriculture and Biology, 6(2), 260-263.
Tejada, M., Hernandez, M.T. and Garcia, C. (2006). Application of two organic ammendments on soil restoration: effects on the soil biological properties. J. Environ Qual., 35, 1010-1017.
Tetarwal JP, Ram B. Meena DS. (2011). Effect of integrated nutrient management on productivity, profitability, nutrient uptake and soil fertility in rainfed maize (Zea mays). Indian Journal of Agronomy, 56(4), 373-376.
Vanlauwe, B., Descheemaeker, K., Giller, K.E., Huising, J., Mercks, R., Nziguheba, G., Wendt, J. and Zingore, S. (2015). Integrated soil fertility management in Sub-Saharan Africa: Unravelling local adaptation. SOIL, 1, 491-508.
Verma NK, Pandey BK, Singh and UP. (2012). Effect of sowing dates in relation to integrated nitrogen management on growth, yield and quality of rabi maize (Zea Mays L.). Journal of Animals and Plant Sciences, 22(2), 324-329.
Voortman, R., Bindraban, P.S. (2015). Beyond N and P: Toward a land resource ecology perspective and impactful fertilizer interventions in sub-Saharan Africa. VFRC Report 2015/1. Virtual Fertilizer Research Centre, Washington, DC.
White and Broadley (2011). Physiological Limits to Zinc Biofortification of Edible Crops. Front. Plant Sci., 2, 80.
Yashbir Singh Shivay and Rajendra Prasad. (2014). Effect of source and methods of zinc application on corn productivity, nitrogen and zinc concentrations and uptake by high quality protein corn (Zea mays). Egyptian Journal of Biology, 16, 72-78.
Yilmaz, A., H. Ekiz, B. Torun, I. Gultekin, S. Karanlik, S.A. Bagci, and I. Cakmak. (2007). Effect of different zinc application methods on grain yield and zinc concentration in wheat grown on zinc-deficient calcareous soils in Central Anatolia. J. Plant Nutr., 20, 461–471.
Yuan, L., Wu, L., Yang, C. and Lv.Q. (2012). Effects of iron and zinc foliar application on rice plants and their grain accumulation and grain nutritional quality. Journal of Science of Food and Agriculture, 93, 254-261.
Zerihun, A., Sharma J.J., Nigussie D. and Fred K. (2013). The effect of integrated organic and inorganic fertilizer rates on performances of soybean and maize component crops of a soyabean/maize mixture at Bako, Western Ethiopia: Academic Journals.
Zhang, Y.Q., Shi, R.L., Karim, M.R., Zhang, F.S. and Zou, C.Q. (2010). Iron and zinc concentrations in grain and flour of winter wheat as affected by foliar application. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 58, 12268-12274.
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Agyenium, S.B., J.Zickermann and M. Kornoohrens (2006). Poultry manure effect on growth and yield of maize. West Africa J. Appl. Ecol., 9, 1-11.
Alloway, B.J. (2009). Soil factors associated with Zn deficiency in crops and humans. Environ. Geochem. Health, 31, 537-548.
Amanat, A. A. (1998). Effect of variable rates of nitrogen and phosphorus on growth and yield of maize. M.Sc., Thesis, Department of Agronomy, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad – Pakistan.
Amanullah, M.M. (1997). Effect of intercropping fertilizer levels and organic manures on the growth and yield of cassava (Manihot escluenta crantz). Ph.D. Thesis, TNAU, Coimbatore.
Augustine, R and Kalyanasundaram, D. (2020a). Agronomic biofortification through micronutrient management in maize: A review. Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 12(3), 430-437.
Augustine, R and Kalyanasundaram,D. (2020b). Agronomic biofortification of food crops with micronutrients. Plant Archives, 20(2), 1383-1387.
Augustine, R and Kalyanasundaram, D. (2020c). Perspectives on enhancing value of Agronomic biofortification in maize. Journal of Plant Development Science, 12(7), 383-388.
Auwal Tukur Wailare and Amit Kesarwani (2017). Effect of Integrated Nutrient Management on Growth and Yield parameters of Maize (Zea mays I.) As well as Soil Physico-chemical Properties. Biomed J. Sci & Tech Res., 1(2), 1-6.
Ayoola, O.T. and E.A. Makinde. (2009). Maize growth, yield and soil nutrient changes with N-enriched organic fertilizers. African Journal of food, agriculture, nutrition and development, 9(1), 580-592.
Binoy Chhetri and A. C. Sinha (2017). Growth and development of maize (Zea mays L.) in response to different moisture conservation and Agronomic Biofortification under rainfed condition. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, 6(6), 1696-1701.
Cakmak, I. (2008). Enrichment of cereal grains with zinc: Agronomic or genetic biofortification? Plant Soil, 302, 1-17.
Cakmak, I., Pfeiffer, W.H., McClafferty, B. (2010). Biofortification of durum wheat with zinc and iron. Cereal Chem., 87(1), 10-20.
Chakraborti, M., Prasanna, B.M., Hossain, F., Singh, A.M. and Guleria, S.K. (2009). Genetic evaluation of kenel Fe and Zn concentrations and yield performance of selected maize (Zea mays L.) genotypes. Range Management and Agro-forestry, 30, 109-114.
Garcia-Bannelos, M.L., Sida-Arreola, J.P., Sanches, E. 2014. Biofortification – promising approach to increasing the content of iron and zinc in staple food crops. J. Elem., 19 (3), 865-888.
Gomez, K.A. and A.A. Gomez (1984). Statistical procedure for agricultural research. II edn. John Wiley and Sons, New York, 680p.
Hythum, M. S. And Nasser, K. B. (2012). Importance of Micronutrients and its Application methods for Improving Maize (Zea Mays L.) Yield Grown in Clayey Soil. American Eurasian J. Agric Environ Sci., 12(7), 954-959.
Kalyanasundaram. D and R. Augustine (2020). Production and Economics of Hybrid Maize (Zea mays L.) under Integrated Nutrient Management Practices. Agricultural Science Digest, D-5242 :1-7 DOI: 10.18805/ag.D-5242
Kalyanasundaram. D., R. Augustine and S. Harini Sri (2020). Integrated Nutrient Management in Hybrid Maize (Zea mays L.). Journal of Development Sciences, 12(8), 493-496.
Karan Verma, A.D. Bindra, Janardan Singh, S.C. Negi, Naveen Datt, Usha Rana and Sandeep Manuja, (2018). Int. Jr. Pure App. Bio sci., 6(3), 282-301.
Kolawale Edomwonyi and Samson Uduzei Remison (2009). Growth and Yield of Maize as Influenced by sowing date and Poultry Manure Application. Not. Bot. Hort. Agrobot. Cluj., 37(1), 199-203.
Kutman, U.B., Yildiz, B. and Cakmak, I. (2011a). Improved nitrogen status enhances zinc and iron concentrations both in the whole grain and the endosperm fraction of wheat. J. Cereal Sci. 53, 118-125.
Kutman, U.B., Yildiz, B. and Cakmak, I. (2011b). Effect of nitrogen on uptake, remobilization and partitioning of Zn and Fe throughout the development of durum wheat. Plant Soil, 342, 149-164.
Lakshmanan, R., Prasad, R. and Jain, M.C. (2005). Yield and uptake of micronutrients by rice as influenced by duration of variety and nitrogen utilization. Arch. Agron. Soil Sci. 51,1-14.
Lawson, P.G., Daum, D., Czaudema, R., Meuser, H., Harling, J.W. (2015). Soil versus foliar iodine fertilization as a biofortification strategy for field-grown vegetables. Front. Plant Sci., 6, 450.
Manzeke, G.M., Mapfumo, P., Mtambanengwe, F., Chikowo, R., Tendayi, T., Cakmak, I. (2012). Soil fertility management effects on maize productivity and grain zinc content in smallholder farming systems of Zimbabwe. Plant Soil, 361, 57-69.
Marschner, P. and Zed Rengel. (2012). Marschner's mineral nutrition of higher plants. 3rd Edition. Elsevier, 12, 315-330.
Mohsin, A.U., Ahmad, A.U.H., Farooq, M. and Ullah, S. (2014). Influence of zinc application through seed treatment and foliar spray on growth, productivity and grain quality of hybrid maize. The journal of Animal & Plant Sciences, 24, 1494-1503.
NCoMM (2017). special report on Maize, NCML, September 2017
Nikhil Kumar and Salakinkop, SR. (2018). Agronomic Biofortification of Maize with Zinc and Iron Micronutrients. Modern Concepts & Development in Agronomy, 1(5), 2-5
Okoroafor, I., Okelola, E., Edeh, O., Nemehute, V., Onu, C., Nwaneri, T. and Chinaka, G. (2013). Effect of organic manure on the growth and yield performance of maize in Ishiagu, Ebonyi State, Nigeria. IOSR J. Agric. Vet. Sci., 5, 28-31.
Ozturk, L., Yazici, M.A., Yucel, C., Torun, A., Cekic, C., Bagci, A., Ozkan, H., Braun, H.J., Sayers, Z. and Cakmak, I. (2006). Concentration and localization of zinc during seed development and germination in wheat. Physiol. Plant, 128,144-152.
Pandey, KK., Awasthi, A. 2014. Integrated nutrient management in the maize (Zea mays L.) yield and soil properties. Internat. Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 10(1), 244-246.
Patil, S., Girijesh, G., Nandini, K., Kumar, K., Pradeep, L. and Kumar, TR. (2017). Effect of zinc application through soil and foliar means on bio-fortification of zinc in rainfed maize (Zea mays L.). Int. J. Pure Appl. Biol. Sci. 5, 246-253.
Phattarakul, N.., Rerkasem, B., Li, I. J., Wu, L.H., Zou, C.Q., Ram, H., Sohu, V.S., Kang, B.S., Surek, H., Kalayci, M., Yazici, A., Zhang, F.S., Cakmak, I. (2012). Biofortification of rice grain withzinc through zinc fertilization in different countries. Plant Soil, 361, 131-141.
Pooniya, V. and Shivay, YS. (2013). Enrichment of Basmati rice grain and Straw with Zinc and nitrogen through ferti-fortification and summer green manuring under Indo-Gangetic plains of India. Journal of Plant Nutrition, 36(1), 91-117.
Priya, S., Kaushik, M.K., Sharma, S.K., and Priyanka, K. (2014). Impact of integrated nutrient management on productivity of maize (Zea mays L.) Annals of Biology, 30(1), 106-108.
Rajesh Ranjan Kumar, Neeraj Kumar, Jang Bahadur Rana and Kedar Nath Rai. (2018). Effect of Integrated Nutrient Management on yield of maize crop under rainfed condition in eastern part of uttarpradesh, India. Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci., 7(9), 21-34.
Rahman, M.H., Islam, M.R., Jahiruddin, M., Puteh, A.B. and Mondal, M.M.A. (2013). Influence of Organic Matter on Nitrogen Mineralization Pattern in Soils under Different Moisture Regimes. International Journal of Agriculture and Biology, 15, 55-61.
Ravi, N., Basavarajappa, R., Chandrashekar, CP., Harlapur, SI. and Hosamani MH. (2012). Effect of Integrated Nutrient Management on Growth and Yield of Quality Protein Maize. Karnataka J. Agri Sci., 25(3), 395-396.
Roman Nissar, R. Zahida, R.H. Kanth, Ganai Manzoor, Raheel Shafeeq, H. Ashaq, R. Waseem, Raies A Bhat, M. Anwar Bhat and Sheikh Tahir. (2019). Agronomic Biofortification of major cereals with zinc and iron – A review. Agricultural reviews, 40(1), 21-28.
Sadiq Naveed, Abdur Rehim, Muhammad Imran, Muhammad Amjad Bashir, Muhammad Faraz Anwar and Fiaz Ahmad. (2018). Organic manures: an efficient move towards maize grain. International Journal of Recycling of Organic Waste in Agriculture, 7, 189-197.
Saleem, I., Javid, S., Bibi, F., Ehsan, S., Niaz, A. and Ahmad, Z.A. (2016). Biofortification of maize grain with zinc and iron by using fertilizing approach. Journal of Agriculture and Ecology Research International, 7(4), 1-6.
Shahzad, Z., Rouached, H., Rakha, A. (2014). Combating mineral malnutrition through iron and zinc biofortification of cereals. Compr. Rev. Food Sci. Food Saf., 13(3), 329-346.
Shi, R., Zhnag, Y., Chen, X., Sun, Q., Zhang, F., Romheld, V., Zou, C. (2010). Influence of long-term nitrogen fertilization on micronutrient density in grain of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum I.,), J. Cereal Sci., 51 (1), 165-170.
Shinde, SA., Patange, MJ. and Dhage, SJ. (2014). Influence of irrigation schedules and integrated nutrient management on growth, yield and quality of rabi maize (Zea mays L.). International Journal of Current Microbiological Applied Sciences, 3(12), 828-832.
Shivay, Y.S. and Prasad, R. (2012). Zinc coated urea improves productivity and quality of basmatic rice (oryza sativa) under zinc stress condition. Journal of Plant Nutrition, 35, 928-951.
Sindhi, SJ., JD. Thanki and LJ. Desai. (2018). A review on integrated nutrient management (INM) approach for maize. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, 7(4), 3266-3269.
Singh, JP., Dahiya, DJ. and Vinod, K. (1995). Effect of nitrogen and iron supply on growth and nutrient uptake of maize on sandy soil. Crop Res., 10(3), 271-276.
Tasneem Khaliq, Tariqmahmod, Javed Kamal and Amir Masod. (2004). Effectiveness of farmyard manure, Poultry manure and nitrogen for corn (Zea mays L.) productivity. International Journal of Agriculture and Biology, 6(2), 260-263.
Tejada, M., Hernandez, M.T. and Garcia, C. (2006). Application of two organic ammendments on soil restoration: effects on the soil biological properties. J. Environ Qual., 35, 1010-1017.
Tetarwal JP, Ram B. Meena DS. (2011). Effect of integrated nutrient management on productivity, profitability, nutrient uptake and soil fertility in rainfed maize (Zea mays). Indian Journal of Agronomy, 56(4), 373-376.
Vanlauwe, B., Descheemaeker, K., Giller, K.E., Huising, J., Mercks, R., Nziguheba, G., Wendt, J. and Zingore, S. (2015). Integrated soil fertility management in Sub-Saharan Africa: Unravelling local adaptation. SOIL, 1, 491-508.
Verma NK, Pandey BK, Singh and UP. (2012). Effect of sowing dates in relation to integrated nitrogen management on growth, yield and quality of rabi maize (Zea Mays L.). Journal of Animals and Plant Sciences, 22(2), 324-329.
Voortman, R., Bindraban, P.S. (2015). Beyond N and P: Toward a land resource ecology perspective and impactful fertilizer interventions in sub-Saharan Africa. VFRC Report 2015/1. Virtual Fertilizer Research Centre, Washington, DC.
White and Broadley (2011). Physiological Limits to Zinc Biofortification of Edible Crops. Front. Plant Sci., 2, 80.
Yashbir Singh Shivay and Rajendra Prasad. (2014). Effect of source and methods of zinc application on corn productivity, nitrogen and zinc concentrations and uptake by high quality protein corn (Zea mays). Egyptian Journal of Biology, 16, 72-78.
Yilmaz, A., H. Ekiz, B. Torun, I. Gultekin, S. Karanlik, S.A. Bagci, and I. Cakmak. (2007). Effect of different zinc application methods on grain yield and zinc concentration in wheat grown on zinc-deficient calcareous soils in Central Anatolia. J. Plant Nutr., 20, 461–471.
Yuan, L., Wu, L., Yang, C. and Lv.Q. (2012). Effects of iron and zinc foliar application on rice plants and their grain accumulation and grain nutritional quality. Journal of Science of Food and Agriculture, 93, 254-261.
Zerihun, A., Sharma J.J., Nigussie D. and Fred K. (2013). The effect of integrated organic and inorganic fertilizer rates on performances of soybean and maize component crops of a soyabean/maize mixture at Bako, Western Ethiopia: Academic Journals.
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How to Cite
Effect of agronomic biofortification on growth, yield, uptake and quality characters of maize (Zea mays .L) through integrated management practices under North-eastern region of Tamil Nadu, India. (2021). Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 13(1), 278-286. https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v13i1.2539
