Responses of Populus deltoides’ stem cuttings under treatment of different growth hormones in planting seasons
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Abstract
The farmers have widely used vegetative propagation of plants due to the low germination percentage of seeds of various plant species. So to study the asexual propagation technique of Populus deltoides, the present study was conducted where a number of stem cuttings of Poplar were treated with growth hormones: IBA (Indole-3-butyric acid), NAA (1-Naphthaleneacetic acid) and GA3 (Gibberellic acid) at different concentrations (100 ppm, 200 ppm and 300 ppm). Some cuttings, which were not treated with hormones, considered as control. A completely randomized design was used to conduct the experiment. The responses were recorded for the cuttings, which were collected and planted in on-season (February) and off-season (July) for 30, 60 and 90 Day after planting (DAP). The results showed that the cuttings collected and planted in February month responded with the better growth rate in shoot and root parameters. The untreated cuttings showed relatively lower values for all growth parameters than the cuttings treated with hormones. Tukey HSD test of multiple comparisons revealed that IBA, at higher concentration, had significantly (P<0.05) higher values for most of the growth parameters, followed by GA3. Pearson product-moment correlation showed a very strong correlation (P>0.70) recorded for underground biomass and other parameters. These findings can allow the farmers to select the best treatment to enhance the growth and yield of P. deltoides.
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Keywords
Growth hormones, Planting season, Poplar, Stem cutting, Vegetative propagation
References
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Banjara, K., Swamy, S. L. and Singh, A. K. (2017). Vegetative propagation of Terminalia arjuna (Roxb.) WT. & ARN. by stem cuttings under mist. International Journal of Agriculture Sciences, 9 (50), 4847–4850.
Bester, C. (2013). A model for commercialisation of Honeybush tea, an indigenous crop. Acta Horticulturae, 1007, 889–894.
Burgess, P. J., Incoll, L. D., Corry, D. T., Beaton, A. and Hart, B. J. (2005). Poplar (Populus spp.) growth and crop yields in a silvoarable experiment at three lowland sites in England. Agroforest Systems, 63, 157–169. https://doi.or g/10.1007/s10457-004-7169-9
Chauhan, A. S., Naithani, S., Balodi, K. N., Singh, A. and Khan, R. A. (2015). Effects of Plant Growth Hormones on Populus deltoides Bartram ex Marshall: An Important Species Having Potential in Agro-forestry. Journal of Studies in Dynamics and Change, 2(2), 344-349.
Chauhan, S. K., Brar, M. S. and Sharma, R. (2012). Performance of Poplar (P. deltoides Bartr.) and its effect on wheat yield under agroforestry system in irrigated agroecosystem, India. Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences, 10 (2), 53-60. DOI: 10.18520/cs/v117/i2/219-226
Chauhan, V. K., Joshi, A. K. and Dholta, V. K. (2008). Performance of maize (Zea mays L.) varieties under different spacings of poplar (Populus deltoides Marsh.) in lower Western Himalayas. Indian Forester, 134(12): 1603-1611.
Chavan, S. and Dhillon, R. S. (2019). Doubling farmers’ income through Populus deltoides-based agroforestry systems in northwestern India: an economic analysis. Current Science, 117(2), 25.
Cortizo, S., Bozzi, J., and Mema, V. (2008). A new clone of P. deltoides recently released in Argentina. International Poplar commission, Poplers, “Willows and People Well Being”, 23rd session, Beijing China, 27-30 October.
Dayan, J., Voronin, N., Gong, F., Sun, T., Hedden, P., Fromm, H. and Aloni, R. (2012). Leaf-induced gibberellin signaling is essential for internode elongation, cambial activity, and fiber differentiation in tobacco stems. Plant Cell, 24, 66–79.
Davis, T. D. and Haissig, B. E. (1990). Chemical control of adventitious root formation in cuttings. Bull. Plant Growth Regul. Soc. Am., 18:1-17.
Dhillon, G. P. S., Singh, A., Singh, P., Sidhu, D. S. (2010). Field evaluation of P. deltoides Bartr. ex Marsh. at two sites in Indo-gangetic plains of India. Silvae Genet, 59, 1–7.
Dillen, S.Y., Djomo, S. N., Al Afas, N., Vanbeveren, S. and Ceulemans, R. 2013. Biomass yield and energy balance of a short-rotation poplar coppice with multiple clones on degraded land during 16 years. Biomass and Energy, 56, 157-165
Fotidar, A. N. (1979). Some observations on poplars in Jammu and Kashmir state. In: Symposium on Silviculture, Management and Utilization of Poplars, Srinagar, 15-18 October 1979. Proceedings. Simla, The Manager Government of India Press.
Gehlot, A., Gupta R. K, Tripathi, A., Arya, I., and Arya, S. (2014). Vegetative propagation of Azadirachta indica: effect of auxin and rooting media on adventitious root induction in mini-cuttings. Adv. in For. Sci., 1 (1), 106–115.
Guan, L., Tayengwa, R., Cheng, Zongming, M., Peer, W. A., Murphy, A. S. and Zhao, M. (2019). Auxin regulates adventitious root formation in tomato cuttings. BMC Plant Biology. 19(1), 1-16
Haider, A., Khare, N. and Khan, A. (2015). Performance of poplar cuttings with different growth regulators and potting media. Hort. Flora Research Spectrum, 4 (1), 60-63.
Haile, G., Gebrehiwot, K., Lemenih, M. and Bongera, F. (2011). Time of collection and cutting sizes affect vegetative propagation of Boswellia papyrifera (Del.) Hochst through leafless branch cuttings. Journal of Arid Environments, 75, 873–877
Henrique, A., Campinhos, E. N., Ono, E. O. and de Pinho, S. Z. (2006). Effect of plant growth regulators in rooting of Pinus cuttings. Braz. Arch. Biol. Tech., 49,189–196
Hossain, M. S. and Urbi, Z. (2016). Effect of Naphthalene Acetic Acid on the Adventitious Rooting in Shoot Cuttings of Andrographis paniculata (Burm.f.) Wall. ex Nees: An Important Therapeutical Herb. International Journal of Agronomy, 2006: 6pp. http:// dx.doi.org/10.1155/20 16/1 617543
Ibironke, O. A. and Victor, O. O. (2016). Effect of media and growth hormones on the rooting of Queen of Philippines (Mussaenda philippica). J. Hortic., 3, 173. doi:10.4 17 2/2376-0354.1000173
Ibrahim, M. E., Mohamed, M. A., and Khalid, K. A. (2015). Effect of plant growth regulators on rooting of lemon verbena cuttings. Material and Environmental Science, 6 (1), 28–33
Jacygrad, E., Ilczuk, A, Mikos, M. and Kubiec, K J. (2012). Effect of medium type and plant growth regulators on the in vitro shoot proliferation of Cotinus coggygria Scop. Royal Purple. Acta Sci. Pol. Hortorum Cultus, 11 (5), 143–151
Kaul, K. (2008). Variation in rooting behavior of stem cuttings in relation to their origin in Taxus wallichiana Zucc. New Forests, 36, 217-224.
Khudhur, S. A. and Omer, T. J. (2015). Effect of NAA and IAA on Stem Cuttings of Dalbergia sissoo (Roxb). Journal of Biology and Life Science, 6(2), 208.
Kochhar, V. K., Singh, S. P., Katiyar, R. S., and Pushpangadan, P. (2005). Differential rooting and sprouting behavior of two Jatropha species and associated physiological and biochemical changes. Current Science, 89 (6), 936–939.
Kumar, R., Kumari, B., Bhardwaj, K. K., Kumar, A. and Kumar, T. (2017). Study on Growth and Phenotypic Characters of Different Clones of Poplar (Populus deltoides Marsh.) in Nursery. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Science, 6(12): 1840-1848. https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2017.612.209
Kumar, D., Singh, N. B., Rawat, G. S., Srivastava, S. K., and Mohan, D. (1999). Improvement of P. deltoides Bartr. ex Marsh in IndiaI. Present Status. Indian forester, 125 (3), 245-263.
Libby, W. J. (1986). Clonal propagation. J. For., 84(1), 37-42.
Ludwig, M. J. (2000). Indole-3-butyric acid in plant growth and development. Plant Growth Regulator, 32, 219–230. doi:10.1023/A:1010746806891
Mabizela, G. S., Slabbert, M. M. and Bester, C. (2016). The effect of rooting media, plant growth regulators and clone on rooting potential of honeybush (Cyclopia subternata) stem cuttings at different planting dates. South African Journal of Botany, 110, 75–79.
Majda, M. and Robert, S. (2018). The role of auxin in cell wall expansion. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 19, 951. doi:10.3390/ijms19040951
Majeed, M., Khan, M. A., and Mughal, A. H. (2009). Vegetative propagation of Aesculus indica through stem cuttings treated with plant growth regulators. Journal of Forestry Research, 20 (2), 171–173.
Miceli, A., Moncada, A., Sabatino, L. and Vetrano, F. (2019). Effect of gibberellic acid on growth, yield, and quality of leaf lettuce and rocket grown in a floating system. Agronomy, 2019, 9, 382. doi:10.3390/agronomy 9070382
Perrot-Rechenmann, C. (2010). Cellular responses to auxin: Division versus expansion. Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Biol., 2, 1–15.
Phuyal, N., Jha, P. K., Raturi, P. P., Gurung, S. and Rajbhandary, S. (2018). Effect of growth hormone and growth media on the rooting and shooting of Zanthoxylum armatum stem cuttings. Banko Janakari, 28 (2), 3-12
Rajput, S. S. (1996). Evaluation and utilisation of P. deltoides wood – A review. Wood News, 6(3), 28-31.
Rawat, G. S., Singh, N. B., Gupta, R. K., Singh, K. and Sharma, S. D. (2001). Clonal evaluation of poplar (Populus deltoides Bartr.) in eastern Uttar Pradesh. I- Nursery testing. Indian Forester, 127 (1), 70-80.
Rezende, D. G. S. P., De Rezende, M. D. V. and De Assis, T. F. (2013). Eucalyptus breeding for clonal forestry. In: Fenning TM, editor. Challenges and opportunities for the world’s forests in the 21st century. Forestry Sciences, 81, 393–424. doi:10.1007/978-94-007-7076-8_16
Sa?lam, A. C., Yaver, S., Ba?er, I. and Cinkiliç, L. (2014). The effects of different hormones and their doses on rooting of stem cuttings in Anatolian sage (Salvia fruticosa mill.). APCBEE Procedia, 8, 348–353.
Shameet, G. S., Khosla, P. K. and Kumar, S. (1989). A Preliminary study on rooting of Celtis australis and Punica granulatum cuttings. Indian Journal of Forestry, 12 (4), 321–322.
Sharma, L. K., and Pandey, O. N. (1999). Effect of plant growth regulators on rooting behaviour of cuttings of Dalbergia latifolia Roxb. and Dalbergia sissoo Roxb. Indian Forester, 125, 421–426.
Singh, K. K., Rawat, J. M. S. and Tomar, Y. K. (2011). Influence of IBA on rooting potential oftorch glory Bougainvillea glabra during winter season. Journal of Horticultural Science & Ornamental Plants, 3 (2), 162–1656
Singh, L. and Singh, A. (2018). Study on performance of poplar clones in relation to soil condition and growth regulator application in nursery. J Phytopharmacol., 7(3),349-352.
Singh, R. V. (1979). Silvics and ecology of P. ciliate-Sym. Proc. Silviculture Management and Utilization of Poplars.Oct. 15-18, 1979. Namager Govt. of India Press. Shimla. Pp 62-6
Soundy, P., Mpati, K. W., Du Toit, E. S. (2008). Influence of cutting position, medium, hormone and season on rooting of fever tea (Lippia javanical.) stem cuttings. Medicinal and Aromatic Plant Science and Biotechnology, 2 (2), 114–116.
Spriggs, A. C., Dakora, F. D. (2007). Competitive ability of selected Cyclopia Vent. rhizobia under glasshouse and field conditions. Soil Biology & Biochemistry, 39, 58–67
Steffens, B. and Rasmussen, A. (2016). The Physiology of Adventitious Roots. Plant Physiology, 170(2), 603-617.
Strydem, D. K., and Hartman, H. T. (1960). Effect of indolebutyric acid and respiration and nitrogen metabolism in Marianna 2624 plum softwood stem cuttings. Proceedings of American Society of Horticulture, 45 (1- 2), 81–82.
Tchoundjeu, Z., Ngo Mpeck, M. L., Asaah, E. and Amougou, A. (2004). Therole of vegetative propagation in the domestication of Pausinystalia johimbe (K. Schum), a highly threatened medicinal species of West and Central Africa. Forest Ecology and Management, 188, 175–183.
Tewari, S. K., Pandey, D., Pandey, V. and Tripathi, S. (1994). Inter-character correlation in P. deltoides Bartr. Indian J. Forest, 17, 61–63
Thakur, L., Gupta, T. and Kumar, R. (2018). Effect of growth regulators on sprouting and rooting behaviour in cuttings of Acacia catechu Willd. and Toona ciliata M. Roem. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry. 2018, 109-114
Truax, B., Gagnon, D., Fortie, J. and Lambert, F. (2014). Biomass and volume yield in mature hybrid poplar plantations on temperate abandoned farmland. Forests, (5), 3107-3130
Ullah, Z., Abbas, S. K. J., Naeem, N., Lutfullah, G., Malik, T., Khan, M. T. U and Khan I. (2013). Effect of indolebutyric acid (IBA) and naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) plant growth regulaters on Mari gold (Tagetes erecta L.). African Journal of Agricultural Research, 8(29), 4015-4019
Usman, I. A. and Akinyele, A. O. (2015). Effects of growth media and hormones on the sprouting and rooting ability of Massularia acuminata (G. Don) Bullock ex Hoyl. Journal of Research in Forestry, Wildlife & Environment, 7 (2): 137–146
Velasquez, S. M., Barbez, E., Kleine-Vehn, J. and Estevez, J. (2016). Auxin and cellular elongation. Plant Physiol., 170.
Verma, R. C. and Bangarwa, K. S. (2005). Intercharacter correlation studies in Populus deltoides Bartr. Ex. Marsh. Clones under nursery conditions. Indian Journal of Forestry, 28(4), 359-362.
Yan Y. H., Li J. L., Zhang, X. Q., Yang, W. Y., Wan Y, et al. (2014) Effect of Naphthalene Acetic Acid on Adventitious Root Development and Associated Physiological Changes in Stem Cutting of Hemarthria compressa. PLoS ONE , 9(3), e90700. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0090700
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Banjara, K., Swamy, S. L. and Singh, A. K. (2017). Vegetative propagation of Terminalia arjuna (Roxb.) WT. & ARN. by stem cuttings under mist. International Journal of Agriculture Sciences, 9 (50), 4847–4850.
Bester, C. (2013). A model for commercialisation of Honeybush tea, an indigenous crop. Acta Horticulturae, 1007, 889–894.
Burgess, P. J., Incoll, L. D., Corry, D. T., Beaton, A. and Hart, B. J. (2005). Poplar (Populus spp.) growth and crop yields in a silvoarable experiment at three lowland sites in England. Agroforest Systems, 63, 157–169. https://doi.or g/10.1007/s10457-004-7169-9
Chauhan, A. S., Naithani, S., Balodi, K. N., Singh, A. and Khan, R. A. (2015). Effects of Plant Growth Hormones on Populus deltoides Bartram ex Marshall: An Important Species Having Potential in Agro-forestry. Journal of Studies in Dynamics and Change, 2(2), 344-349.
Chauhan, S. K., Brar, M. S. and Sharma, R. (2012). Performance of Poplar (P. deltoides Bartr.) and its effect on wheat yield under agroforestry system in irrigated agroecosystem, India. Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences, 10 (2), 53-60. DOI: 10.18520/cs/v117/i2/219-226
Chauhan, V. K., Joshi, A. K. and Dholta, V. K. (2008). Performance of maize (Zea mays L.) varieties under different spacings of poplar (Populus deltoides Marsh.) in lower Western Himalayas. Indian Forester, 134(12): 1603-1611.
Chavan, S. and Dhillon, R. S. (2019). Doubling farmers’ income through Populus deltoides-based agroforestry systems in northwestern India: an economic analysis. Current Science, 117(2), 25.
Cortizo, S., Bozzi, J., and Mema, V. (2008). A new clone of P. deltoides recently released in Argentina. International Poplar commission, Poplers, “Willows and People Well Being”, 23rd session, Beijing China, 27-30 October.
Dayan, J., Voronin, N., Gong, F., Sun, T., Hedden, P., Fromm, H. and Aloni, R. (2012). Leaf-induced gibberellin signaling is essential for internode elongation, cambial activity, and fiber differentiation in tobacco stems. Plant Cell, 24, 66–79.
Davis, T. D. and Haissig, B. E. (1990). Chemical control of adventitious root formation in cuttings. Bull. Plant Growth Regul. Soc. Am., 18:1-17.
Dhillon, G. P. S., Singh, A., Singh, P., Sidhu, D. S. (2010). Field evaluation of P. deltoides Bartr. ex Marsh. at two sites in Indo-gangetic plains of India. Silvae Genet, 59, 1–7.
Dillen, S.Y., Djomo, S. N., Al Afas, N., Vanbeveren, S. and Ceulemans, R. 2013. Biomass yield and energy balance of a short-rotation poplar coppice with multiple clones on degraded land during 16 years. Biomass and Energy, 56, 157-165
Fotidar, A. N. (1979). Some observations on poplars in Jammu and Kashmir state. In: Symposium on Silviculture, Management and Utilization of Poplars, Srinagar, 15-18 October 1979. Proceedings. Simla, The Manager Government of India Press.
Gehlot, A., Gupta R. K, Tripathi, A., Arya, I., and Arya, S. (2014). Vegetative propagation of Azadirachta indica: effect of auxin and rooting media on adventitious root induction in mini-cuttings. Adv. in For. Sci., 1 (1), 106–115.
Guan, L., Tayengwa, R., Cheng, Zongming, M., Peer, W. A., Murphy, A. S. and Zhao, M. (2019). Auxin regulates adventitious root formation in tomato cuttings. BMC Plant Biology. 19(1), 1-16
Haider, A., Khare, N. and Khan, A. (2015). Performance of poplar cuttings with different growth regulators and potting media. Hort. Flora Research Spectrum, 4 (1), 60-63.
Haile, G., Gebrehiwot, K., Lemenih, M. and Bongera, F. (2011). Time of collection and cutting sizes affect vegetative propagation of Boswellia papyrifera (Del.) Hochst through leafless branch cuttings. Journal of Arid Environments, 75, 873–877
Henrique, A., Campinhos, E. N., Ono, E. O. and de Pinho, S. Z. (2006). Effect of plant growth regulators in rooting of Pinus cuttings. Braz. Arch. Biol. Tech., 49,189–196
Hossain, M. S. and Urbi, Z. (2016). Effect of Naphthalene Acetic Acid on the Adventitious Rooting in Shoot Cuttings of Andrographis paniculata (Burm.f.) Wall. ex Nees: An Important Therapeutical Herb. International Journal of Agronomy, 2006: 6pp. http:// dx.doi.org/10.1155/20 16/1 617543
Ibironke, O. A. and Victor, O. O. (2016). Effect of media and growth hormones on the rooting of Queen of Philippines (Mussaenda philippica). J. Hortic., 3, 173. doi:10.4 17 2/2376-0354.1000173
Ibrahim, M. E., Mohamed, M. A., and Khalid, K. A. (2015). Effect of plant growth regulators on rooting of lemon verbena cuttings. Material and Environmental Science, 6 (1), 28–33
Jacygrad, E., Ilczuk, A, Mikos, M. and Kubiec, K J. (2012). Effect of medium type and plant growth regulators on the in vitro shoot proliferation of Cotinus coggygria Scop. Royal Purple. Acta Sci. Pol. Hortorum Cultus, 11 (5), 143–151
Kaul, K. (2008). Variation in rooting behavior of stem cuttings in relation to their origin in Taxus wallichiana Zucc. New Forests, 36, 217-224.
Khudhur, S. A. and Omer, T. J. (2015). Effect of NAA and IAA on Stem Cuttings of Dalbergia sissoo (Roxb). Journal of Biology and Life Science, 6(2), 208.
Kochhar, V. K., Singh, S. P., Katiyar, R. S., and Pushpangadan, P. (2005). Differential rooting and sprouting behavior of two Jatropha species and associated physiological and biochemical changes. Current Science, 89 (6), 936–939.
Kumar, R., Kumari, B., Bhardwaj, K. K., Kumar, A. and Kumar, T. (2017). Study on Growth and Phenotypic Characters of Different Clones of Poplar (Populus deltoides Marsh.) in Nursery. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Science, 6(12): 1840-1848. https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2017.612.209
Kumar, D., Singh, N. B., Rawat, G. S., Srivastava, S. K., and Mohan, D. (1999). Improvement of P. deltoides Bartr. ex Marsh in IndiaI. Present Status. Indian forester, 125 (3), 245-263.
Libby, W. J. (1986). Clonal propagation. J. For., 84(1), 37-42.
Ludwig, M. J. (2000). Indole-3-butyric acid in plant growth and development. Plant Growth Regulator, 32, 219–230. doi:10.1023/A:1010746806891
Mabizela, G. S., Slabbert, M. M. and Bester, C. (2016). The effect of rooting media, plant growth regulators and clone on rooting potential of honeybush (Cyclopia subternata) stem cuttings at different planting dates. South African Journal of Botany, 110, 75–79.
Majda, M. and Robert, S. (2018). The role of auxin in cell wall expansion. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 19, 951. doi:10.3390/ijms19040951
Majeed, M., Khan, M. A., and Mughal, A. H. (2009). Vegetative propagation of Aesculus indica through stem cuttings treated with plant growth regulators. Journal of Forestry Research, 20 (2), 171–173.
Miceli, A., Moncada, A., Sabatino, L. and Vetrano, F. (2019). Effect of gibberellic acid on growth, yield, and quality of leaf lettuce and rocket grown in a floating system. Agronomy, 2019, 9, 382. doi:10.3390/agronomy 9070382
Perrot-Rechenmann, C. (2010). Cellular responses to auxin: Division versus expansion. Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Biol., 2, 1–15.
Phuyal, N., Jha, P. K., Raturi, P. P., Gurung, S. and Rajbhandary, S. (2018). Effect of growth hormone and growth media on the rooting and shooting of Zanthoxylum armatum stem cuttings. Banko Janakari, 28 (2), 3-12
Rajput, S. S. (1996). Evaluation and utilisation of P. deltoides wood – A review. Wood News, 6(3), 28-31.
Rawat, G. S., Singh, N. B., Gupta, R. K., Singh, K. and Sharma, S. D. (2001). Clonal evaluation of poplar (Populus deltoides Bartr.) in eastern Uttar Pradesh. I- Nursery testing. Indian Forester, 127 (1), 70-80.
Rezende, D. G. S. P., De Rezende, M. D. V. and De Assis, T. F. (2013). Eucalyptus breeding for clonal forestry. In: Fenning TM, editor. Challenges and opportunities for the world’s forests in the 21st century. Forestry Sciences, 81, 393–424. doi:10.1007/978-94-007-7076-8_16
Sa?lam, A. C., Yaver, S., Ba?er, I. and Cinkiliç, L. (2014). The effects of different hormones and their doses on rooting of stem cuttings in Anatolian sage (Salvia fruticosa mill.). APCBEE Procedia, 8, 348–353.
Shameet, G. S., Khosla, P. K. and Kumar, S. (1989). A Preliminary study on rooting of Celtis australis and Punica granulatum cuttings. Indian Journal of Forestry, 12 (4), 321–322.
Sharma, L. K., and Pandey, O. N. (1999). Effect of plant growth regulators on rooting behaviour of cuttings of Dalbergia latifolia Roxb. and Dalbergia sissoo Roxb. Indian Forester, 125, 421–426.
Singh, K. K., Rawat, J. M. S. and Tomar, Y. K. (2011). Influence of IBA on rooting potential oftorch glory Bougainvillea glabra during winter season. Journal of Horticultural Science & Ornamental Plants, 3 (2), 162–1656
Singh, L. and Singh, A. (2018). Study on performance of poplar clones in relation to soil condition and growth regulator application in nursery. J Phytopharmacol., 7(3),349-352.
Singh, R. V. (1979). Silvics and ecology of P. ciliate-Sym. Proc. Silviculture Management and Utilization of Poplars.Oct. 15-18, 1979. Namager Govt. of India Press. Shimla. Pp 62-6
Soundy, P., Mpati, K. W., Du Toit, E. S. (2008). Influence of cutting position, medium, hormone and season on rooting of fever tea (Lippia javanical.) stem cuttings. Medicinal and Aromatic Plant Science and Biotechnology, 2 (2), 114–116.
Spriggs, A. C., Dakora, F. D. (2007). Competitive ability of selected Cyclopia Vent. rhizobia under glasshouse and field conditions. Soil Biology & Biochemistry, 39, 58–67
Steffens, B. and Rasmussen, A. (2016). The Physiology of Adventitious Roots. Plant Physiology, 170(2), 603-617.
Strydem, D. K., and Hartman, H. T. (1960). Effect of indolebutyric acid and respiration and nitrogen metabolism in Marianna 2624 plum softwood stem cuttings. Proceedings of American Society of Horticulture, 45 (1- 2), 81–82.
Tchoundjeu, Z., Ngo Mpeck, M. L., Asaah, E. and Amougou, A. (2004). Therole of vegetative propagation in the domestication of Pausinystalia johimbe (K. Schum), a highly threatened medicinal species of West and Central Africa. Forest Ecology and Management, 188, 175–183.
Tewari, S. K., Pandey, D., Pandey, V. and Tripathi, S. (1994). Inter-character correlation in P. deltoides Bartr. Indian J. Forest, 17, 61–63
Thakur, L., Gupta, T. and Kumar, R. (2018). Effect of growth regulators on sprouting and rooting behaviour in cuttings of Acacia catechu Willd. and Toona ciliata M. Roem. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry. 2018, 109-114
Truax, B., Gagnon, D., Fortie, J. and Lambert, F. (2014). Biomass and volume yield in mature hybrid poplar plantations on temperate abandoned farmland. Forests, (5), 3107-3130
Ullah, Z., Abbas, S. K. J., Naeem, N., Lutfullah, G., Malik, T., Khan, M. T. U and Khan I. (2013). Effect of indolebutyric acid (IBA) and naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) plant growth regulaters on Mari gold (Tagetes erecta L.). African Journal of Agricultural Research, 8(29), 4015-4019
Usman, I. A. and Akinyele, A. O. (2015). Effects of growth media and hormones on the sprouting and rooting ability of Massularia acuminata (G. Don) Bullock ex Hoyl. Journal of Research in Forestry, Wildlife & Environment, 7 (2): 137–146
Velasquez, S. M., Barbez, E., Kleine-Vehn, J. and Estevez, J. (2016). Auxin and cellular elongation. Plant Physiol., 170.
Verma, R. C. and Bangarwa, K. S. (2005). Intercharacter correlation studies in Populus deltoides Bartr. Ex. Marsh. Clones under nursery conditions. Indian Journal of Forestry, 28(4), 359-362.
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Responses of Populus deltoides’ stem cuttings under treatment of different growth hormones in planting seasons. (2021). Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 13(1), 238-249. https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v13i1.2530
