Wild edible plants in the Ehotilé, a fishing people around Aby lagoon (eastern littoral of Côte d'Ivoire): Knowledge and availability
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Abstract
This study is set within the important framework of the imperative need to safeguard traditional knowledge at historical, nutritional levels, and as an element of sustainable management of natural resources. Thus, it aimed to identify, through four ethnobotanical surveys (2007, 2009, 2015 and 2019), the wild edible plants used by the Ehotilé around the Aby Lagoon, on the Ivorian eastern littoral, to evaluate the use, preference and availability related to these plants and to discuss the evolution of food practices since the observations of missionaries three centuries earlier. The level of knowledge was analysed using Smith's Index and the availability of edible fruits was assessed with a new cognitive index. Compared to the era of the first settlement, the diet of the Ehotilé has undergone many modifications. Current observations showed that wild plants were rarely used in the diet which was essentially cassava-based. Thirty-nine edible ethnospecies corresponding to 40 scientific plants species were recorded for 46 uses, of which, wild fruits with 54.17 % were the most important. Edible fruits were available all year round, but irregularly and the availability index suggested that 10 species of the fruits sought were rare in the region. The study has shown that gathering plants are well known by the Ehotilé. However, they are not very present in their diet. In addition, they have a good knowledge of the availability of their edible plants and could therefore be key resource persons in any assessment of the dynamics of plants in their environment.
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Keywords
Aby Lagoon , Wild edible plants, Ehotilé, Resources availability
References
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Begossi, A. (1996). Use of ecological methods diversity indices. Econ Bot., 50, 280-289.
Boateng, S.K, Adu Yeboah, E. & Amponsah, J.Y. (2007). Wet season collection of edible wild fruits in three regions of Ghana. J Plant Sci., 2, 353-357. https://doi.org/10.3923/jps.2007.353.357
Bricas, N., Tchamda. C. & Martin, P. (2016). Food consumption structures In: Bricas, N., Tchamda, C, Mouton F. (eds) Africa to conquer its food market. Teaching of ten years of household surveys in west Africa, Cameroun and Tchad. Paris AFD, collection « Études de l’AFD »12, 132
Carter, S.E, Fresco, l.O., Jones, P.G. & Fairbairn, J.N. (1994). Introduction and dissemination of cassava Africa. Research Guideline IITA, 49.
Chakravarty, S., Bhutia, K.D., Suresh, C.P., Shukla, G. & Pala, N.A. (2016). A review on diversity, conservation and nutrition of wild edible fruits. Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 8: 2346-2353. https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v8i4.1135
Constant, N.L. & Tshisikhawe, M.P. (2018). Hierarchies of knowledge: ethnobotanical knowledge, practices and beliefs of the Vhavenda in South Africa for biodiversity conservation. J Ethnobiol. Ethnomed., 14, 56. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13002-018-0255-2Diarrassouba, D. (2019). History and techniques of food crops in the Côte d’Ivoire, from processing to marketing : the cas of cassava (1960-2000) », e-Phaïstos [On line], consulted on 28 April 2020. URL : http://journals.openedition.org/ephaistos/4174
Djeni, T.N., Kouamé, K.H., Aké, F.D.M., Amoikon, L.T., Djè, K.M. & Jeyaram, K. (2020). Microbial diversity and metabolite profiles of palm wine produced from three different palm tree species in Côte d’Ivoire. Sci Rep., 10,1715. https://doi.org/10.1038/S41598-020-58587-2
Djihounouck, Y., Diop, D., Dieng, S.D., Sane, S., Bassène, C., Mbaye, M.S. & Noba, K. (2018). Diversity and socio-economic importance of wild edible fruit species in the area Kasa (South West of Sénégal). Eur Sci J., 14. https://doi.org/10.19044/esj.2018.v14n36p352
Delisle, H. (2010). Findings on dietary patterns in different groups of African origin undergoing nutrition transition. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab., 35, 224-228. https://doi.org/10.1139/H10-008
Ezeagu, I.E., Fafunso M.A., Ejezie, F.E. (2003). Biochemical constituents of palm wine, Ecol Food Nutr 42 (3) :255–264. https://doi.org/10.1080/03670240390226222
FAO, IFAD, UNICEF, WFP, WHO (2019). The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2019. Safeguarding against economic slowdowns and downturns. Rome, FAO. Licence CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO.
Medeiros, M.F.T., da Silva, P.S. & de Albuquerque, U.P. (2011). Quantification in ethnobotanical research : an overview of indices used from 1995 to 2009. Sitientibus, Ciências Biológicas, 11(2), 211–230. https://doi.org/10.13102/scb108
Gautier-Béguin, D. (1992). Gathering plants for food use in central Côte d’Ivoire. Boissiera. 46.
Géhu, J.M. & Géhu, J. (1980). Objection test of the biological evolution of natural environments. Coastal examples. In Géhu, J.M. (ed). Applied Phytosociology wokshop. Amicale Francophone de Phytociologie, Metz. 28-29 March 1980
Hoffman, B. & Gallaher, T. (2007). Importance Indices in Ethnobotany. Ethnobot. Res. Appl., 5, 201–218. https://doi.org/10.17348/era.5.0.201-218
Jongkind, C.C.H. & Hawthorne, W.D. (2005). A botanical synopsis of lianes and other forest climbers. In Forest Climbing Plants of West Africa. Diversity, Ecology and management. Bongers, F., Parren, M.P.E. & Traoré, D. (Eds). CABI publishing, Wallingford, UK. : 19-40.
Juhé-Beaulaton, D. (2014a). From yam to cassava in the gulf of Guinea : slave trade and food in the the Danhomè kingdom (XVIIe -XIXe siècle). Afriques [On line], consulted on 28 May, 2020. https://doi.org/10.4000/afriques.1669
Juhé-Beaulaton, D. (2014b). The miracle fruit (Synsepalum dulcificum) travelers on the West African coast to pharmaceutical laboratories. Open Archives [On line], https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-01103549/file/2014_Juhe_Fruit%20miracle2, consulted on 12 May, 2020.
Koppert, G.J.A., Dounias, E., Froment, A. & Pasquet, P. (1996). Food consumption in three forest population region of Cameroun : Yassa, Mvae et Bakola. In: tropical forest food, interactions and development perspectives. Volume I. Hladik CM, Hladik A, Pagezy H, Linares, O.F., Koppert, J.A. & Froment, A. (Eds). MAB/UNESCO, Paris, France., 477-496.
Kouchade, C.A., Kounouhewa, B. & Awokou, S.K. (2017). Harvesting palm wine: process and effects of environmental. OCL 2017, 24(5), D505. https://doi.org/10.1051/ocl/2017035
Labat, J. B. (1728). Nouvelle relation de l'Afrique occidentale contenant une description exacte du Sénégal et des païs situés entre le Cap-Blanc et la rivière de Serrelienne jusqu'à plus de 300 lieues en avant dans les terres. https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k74103p?rk=21459;2
Loyer, G. (1714). Relations du voyage au Royaume d’Yssiny, Côte d’Or, Païs de Guinée, en Afrique http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k86203n
Lucena, R.F.P., Lima, E. & Albuquerque, U.P. (2007). Does the local availability of woody Caatinga plants (Northeastern Brazil) explain their use value? Econ Bot., 61(4), 347–61.
Lugo-Morin, D.R. (2020). Indigenous communities and their food systems: a contribution to the current debate. J Ethnic Foods. 7:6. https://doi.org/10.1186/s42779-019-0043-1
Malan, D.F., Aké Assi, L., Tra Bi, F.H. & Neuba, D. (2007). Diversité floristique du parc national des îles Ehotilé (littoral est de la Côte d'Ivoire). BFT 292, 49-58. https://doi.org/10.19182/bft2007.292.a20348
Malan, D.F., Neuba, D.F.R. & Kouakou, K.L. (2015). Medicinal plants and traditional healing practices in Ehotilé people, around the aby lagoon (eastern littoral of Côte d'Ivoire). J Ethnobiol Ethnomed., 11, 21. https://doi.org/ 10.1186/s13002-015-0004-8
Nedelcheva, A. (2013). An ethnobotanical study of wild edible plants in Bulgaria. EurAsian J BioSci. 7, 77-94. https://doi.org/ 10.5053/ejobios.2013.7.0.10
Philips, O. & Gentry, A. (1993). The useful woody plants of Tambopata, Peru: I. Statistical hypothesis tests with a new quantitative technique. Econ Bot., 47, 16. https://doi.org/10.19182/bft2007.292.a2034810.1007/BF02862203
Pennec, F., Wencélius, J., Garine, E., Raimond, C. &
Bohbot, H. (2012). FLAME 1.1 Free-List Analysis under Microsoft Excel.
Perrot, C.-H. (2008). The Eotilé of Côte d'Ivoire in the 18th and 19th centuries. Lineage power and religion. Sorbonne publications, Paris.
Rasethe, M.T., Semenya, S.S., Potgieter, M.J. & Maroyi, A. (2013). The utilization and management of plant resources in rural areas of the Limpopo Province, South Africa. J Ethnobiol Ethnomed., 9, 27. https://doi.org/10.1186/1746-4269-9-27
Ribeiro, J.P., Carvalho, T.K.N., Ribeiro, J.E., de Sousa, R.F., de Farias, L.J.R., de Oliveira, R.S., Alves, C.A.B., Jardim, J.G. & de Lucena, R.F.P. (2014). Can ecological apparency explain the use of plant species in the semi-arid depression of Northeastern Brazil? Acta Bot. Bras., 28(3), 476-483. https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-3306201 4abb2758
Roué, M., Battesti, B., Césard, N. & Simenel, R. (2015). Ethnoecology of pollination and pollinators, Revue d’ethnoécologie [Online], 7. URL : http://journals.openedit ion.org/ethnoecologie/2229 ; https://doi.org/ 10.4000/ ethnoecologie.2229
Sardeshpande, M. & Shackleton, C. (2019). Wild Edible Fruits: A Systematic Review of an Under-Researched Multifunctional NTFP. Forests, 10, 467; https://doi.org/10.3390/f10060467
Santiago-Urbina, J. A. & Ruíz-Terán, F. (2014). Microbiology and biochemistry of traditional palm wine produced around the world. Int. Food Res. J,. 21(4), 1261-1269
Shin, T., Fujikawa, K., Moe, A.Z.. & Uchiyama, H. (2018). Traditional knowledge of wild edible plants with special emphasis on medicinal uses in Southern Shan State, Myanmar. J Ethnobiol. Ethnomed., 14:48. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13002-018-0248-1
Smith, J.J. & Borgatti, S.P. (1997). Salience counts—and so does accuracy: Correcting and updating a measure for free-list-item salience. J. Linguist. Anthropol., 7: 208-209. https://doi.org/10.1525/jlin.1997.7.2.208
Sutrop, U. (2001). List task and a cognitive salience index. Field Methods, 13: 263-276. https://doi.org/ 10.117 7/1525822X0101300303
de la Torre, L., Cerón, C.E., Balslev, H. & Borchsenius, F.A. (2012). Biodiversity informatics approach to ethnobotany: Meta-analysis of plant use patterns in Ecuador. Ecol Soc., 17:15. https://doi.org/ 10.5751/ES-04582-170115
Thorn, J.P.R., Thornton, T.F., Helfgott, A. & Willis, K.J. (2020). Indigenous uses of wild and tended plant biodiversity maintain ecosystem services in agricultural landscapes of the Terai Plains of Nepal. J Ethnobiol Ethnomed. 16:33. https://doi.org/ 10.1186/s13002-020-00382-4
Tra Bi, F.H., Kouamé, F.N. & Traoré, D. (2005). Utilisation of climbers in two forest reserves in West Côte d’Ivoire. In Forest Climbing Plants of West Africa. Diversity, Ecology and management. Bongers F, Parren MPE, Traoré D, (Eds). CABI publishing, Wallingford, 167-182
Tchoundjeu, Z. & Atangana, A.R. (2007). Ricinodendron heudelotii (Baill.) Pierre ex Heckel. [On line] Protabase sheet. van der VOSSEN H.A.M. et MKAMILO G.S. (Eds). PROTA (Plant Resources of Tropical Africa), Wageningen, Netherlands. < http://database.prota.org/recherche.htm>, (Consulted on, 12 August 2017.
Wondimu, T., Asfaw, Z., Kelbessa, E. (2006). Ethnobotanical study of food plants around 'Dheeraa' Town, Arsi, Ethiopia, Ethiop. J. Sci., 29:71–80. https://doi.org/10.4314/sinet.v29i1.18261
Yao, K, Koné, M.W.& Kamanzi, K. (2015). Contribution of leafy vegetables to the nutrition of populations in urban areas of the Côte D'ivoire. Eur. J. Sci. Res., 130:338-351
Aké-Assi, L. (2014). Some food plants from West Africa. Their safeguard and their enhancement. NEI-CEDA, Abidjan.
Begossi, A. (1996). Use of ecological methods diversity indices. Econ Bot., 50, 280-289.
Boateng, S.K, Adu Yeboah, E. & Amponsah, J.Y. (2007). Wet season collection of edible wild fruits in three regions of Ghana. J Plant Sci., 2, 353-357. https://doi.org/10.3923/jps.2007.353.357
Bricas, N., Tchamda. C. & Martin, P. (2016). Food consumption structures In: Bricas, N., Tchamda, C, Mouton F. (eds) Africa to conquer its food market. Teaching of ten years of household surveys in west Africa, Cameroun and Tchad. Paris AFD, collection « Études de l’AFD »12, 132
Carter, S.E, Fresco, l.O., Jones, P.G. & Fairbairn, J.N. (1994). Introduction and dissemination of cassava Africa. Research Guideline IITA, 49.
Chakravarty, S., Bhutia, K.D., Suresh, C.P., Shukla, G. & Pala, N.A. (2016). A review on diversity, conservation and nutrition of wild edible fruits. Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 8: 2346-2353. https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v8i4.1135
Constant, N.L. & Tshisikhawe, M.P. (2018). Hierarchies of knowledge: ethnobotanical knowledge, practices and beliefs of the Vhavenda in South Africa for biodiversity conservation. J Ethnobiol. Ethnomed., 14, 56. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13002-018-0255-2Diarrassouba, D. (2019). History and techniques of food crops in the Côte d’Ivoire, from processing to marketing : the cas of cassava (1960-2000) », e-Phaïstos [On line], consulted on 28 April 2020. URL : http://journals.openedition.org/ephaistos/4174
Djeni, T.N., Kouamé, K.H., Aké, F.D.M., Amoikon, L.T., Djè, K.M. & Jeyaram, K. (2020). Microbial diversity and metabolite profiles of palm wine produced from three different palm tree species in Côte d’Ivoire. Sci Rep., 10,1715. https://doi.org/10.1038/S41598-020-58587-2
Djihounouck, Y., Diop, D., Dieng, S.D., Sane, S., Bassène, C., Mbaye, M.S. & Noba, K. (2018). Diversity and socio-economic importance of wild edible fruit species in the area Kasa (South West of Sénégal). Eur Sci J., 14. https://doi.org/10.19044/esj.2018.v14n36p352
Delisle, H. (2010). Findings on dietary patterns in different groups of African origin undergoing nutrition transition. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab., 35, 224-228. https://doi.org/10.1139/H10-008
Ezeagu, I.E., Fafunso M.A., Ejezie, F.E. (2003). Biochemical constituents of palm wine, Ecol Food Nutr 42 (3) :255–264. https://doi.org/10.1080/03670240390226222
FAO, IFAD, UNICEF, WFP, WHO (2019). The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2019. Safeguarding against economic slowdowns and downturns. Rome, FAO. Licence CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO.
Medeiros, M.F.T., da Silva, P.S. & de Albuquerque, U.P. (2011). Quantification in ethnobotanical research : an overview of indices used from 1995 to 2009. Sitientibus, Ciências Biológicas, 11(2), 211–230. https://doi.org/10.13102/scb108
Gautier-Béguin, D. (1992). Gathering plants for food use in central Côte d’Ivoire. Boissiera. 46.
Géhu, J.M. & Géhu, J. (1980). Objection test of the biological evolution of natural environments. Coastal examples. In Géhu, J.M. (ed). Applied Phytosociology wokshop. Amicale Francophone de Phytociologie, Metz. 28-29 March 1980
Hoffman, B. & Gallaher, T. (2007). Importance Indices in Ethnobotany. Ethnobot. Res. Appl., 5, 201–218. https://doi.org/10.17348/era.5.0.201-218
Jongkind, C.C.H. & Hawthorne, W.D. (2005). A botanical synopsis of lianes and other forest climbers. In Forest Climbing Plants of West Africa. Diversity, Ecology and management. Bongers, F., Parren, M.P.E. & Traoré, D. (Eds). CABI publishing, Wallingford, UK. : 19-40.
Juhé-Beaulaton, D. (2014a). From yam to cassava in the gulf of Guinea : slave trade and food in the the Danhomè kingdom (XVIIe -XIXe siècle). Afriques [On line], consulted on 28 May, 2020. https://doi.org/10.4000/afriques.1669
Juhé-Beaulaton, D. (2014b). The miracle fruit (Synsepalum dulcificum) travelers on the West African coast to pharmaceutical laboratories. Open Archives [On line], https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-01103549/file/2014_Juhe_Fruit%20miracle2, consulted on 12 May, 2020.
Koppert, G.J.A., Dounias, E., Froment, A. & Pasquet, P. (1996). Food consumption in three forest population region of Cameroun : Yassa, Mvae et Bakola. In: tropical forest food, interactions and development perspectives. Volume I. Hladik CM, Hladik A, Pagezy H, Linares, O.F., Koppert, J.A. & Froment, A. (Eds). MAB/UNESCO, Paris, France., 477-496.
Kouchade, C.A., Kounouhewa, B. & Awokou, S.K. (2017). Harvesting palm wine: process and effects of environmental. OCL 2017, 24(5), D505. https://doi.org/10.1051/ocl/2017035
Labat, J. B. (1728). Nouvelle relation de l'Afrique occidentale contenant une description exacte du Sénégal et des païs situés entre le Cap-Blanc et la rivière de Serrelienne jusqu'à plus de 300 lieues en avant dans les terres. https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k74103p?rk=21459;2
Loyer, G. (1714). Relations du voyage au Royaume d’Yssiny, Côte d’Or, Païs de Guinée, en Afrique http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k86203n
Lucena, R.F.P., Lima, E. & Albuquerque, U.P. (2007). Does the local availability of woody Caatinga plants (Northeastern Brazil) explain their use value? Econ Bot., 61(4), 347–61.
Lugo-Morin, D.R. (2020). Indigenous communities and their food systems: a contribution to the current debate. J Ethnic Foods. 7:6. https://doi.org/10.1186/s42779-019-0043-1
Malan, D.F., Aké Assi, L., Tra Bi, F.H. & Neuba, D. (2007). Diversité floristique du parc national des îles Ehotilé (littoral est de la Côte d'Ivoire). BFT 292, 49-58. https://doi.org/10.19182/bft2007.292.a20348
Malan, D.F., Neuba, D.F.R. & Kouakou, K.L. (2015). Medicinal plants and traditional healing practices in Ehotilé people, around the aby lagoon (eastern littoral of Côte d'Ivoire). J Ethnobiol Ethnomed., 11, 21. https://doi.org/ 10.1186/s13002-015-0004-8
Nedelcheva, A. (2013). An ethnobotanical study of wild edible plants in Bulgaria. EurAsian J BioSci. 7, 77-94. https://doi.org/ 10.5053/ejobios.2013.7.0.10
Philips, O. & Gentry, A. (1993). The useful woody plants of Tambopata, Peru: I. Statistical hypothesis tests with a new quantitative technique. Econ Bot., 47, 16. https://doi.org/10.19182/bft2007.292.a2034810.1007/BF02862203
Pennec, F., Wencélius, J., Garine, E., Raimond, C. &
Bohbot, H. (2012). FLAME 1.1 Free-List Analysis under Microsoft Excel.
Perrot, C.-H. (2008). The Eotilé of Côte d'Ivoire in the 18th and 19th centuries. Lineage power and religion. Sorbonne publications, Paris.
Rasethe, M.T., Semenya, S.S., Potgieter, M.J. & Maroyi, A. (2013). The utilization and management of plant resources in rural areas of the Limpopo Province, South Africa. J Ethnobiol Ethnomed., 9, 27. https://doi.org/10.1186/1746-4269-9-27
Ribeiro, J.P., Carvalho, T.K.N., Ribeiro, J.E., de Sousa, R.F., de Farias, L.J.R., de Oliveira, R.S., Alves, C.A.B., Jardim, J.G. & de Lucena, R.F.P. (2014). Can ecological apparency explain the use of plant species in the semi-arid depression of Northeastern Brazil? Acta Bot. Bras., 28(3), 476-483. https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-3306201 4abb2758
Roué, M., Battesti, B., Césard, N. & Simenel, R. (2015). Ethnoecology of pollination and pollinators, Revue d’ethnoécologie [Online], 7. URL : http://journals.openedit ion.org/ethnoecologie/2229 ; https://doi.org/ 10.4000/ ethnoecologie.2229
Sardeshpande, M. & Shackleton, C. (2019). Wild Edible Fruits: A Systematic Review of an Under-Researched Multifunctional NTFP. Forests, 10, 467; https://doi.org/10.3390/f10060467
Santiago-Urbina, J. A. & Ruíz-Terán, F. (2014). Microbiology and biochemistry of traditional palm wine produced around the world. Int. Food Res. J,. 21(4), 1261-1269
Shin, T., Fujikawa, K., Moe, A.Z.. & Uchiyama, H. (2018). Traditional knowledge of wild edible plants with special emphasis on medicinal uses in Southern Shan State, Myanmar. J Ethnobiol. Ethnomed., 14:48. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13002-018-0248-1
Smith, J.J. & Borgatti, S.P. (1997). Salience counts—and so does accuracy: Correcting and updating a measure for free-list-item salience. J. Linguist. Anthropol., 7: 208-209. https://doi.org/10.1525/jlin.1997.7.2.208
Sutrop, U. (2001). List task and a cognitive salience index. Field Methods, 13: 263-276. https://doi.org/ 10.117 7/1525822X0101300303
de la Torre, L., Cerón, C.E., Balslev, H. & Borchsenius, F.A. (2012). Biodiversity informatics approach to ethnobotany: Meta-analysis of plant use patterns in Ecuador. Ecol Soc., 17:15. https://doi.org/ 10.5751/ES-04582-170115
Thorn, J.P.R., Thornton, T.F., Helfgott, A. & Willis, K.J. (2020). Indigenous uses of wild and tended plant biodiversity maintain ecosystem services in agricultural landscapes of the Terai Plains of Nepal. J Ethnobiol Ethnomed. 16:33. https://doi.org/ 10.1186/s13002-020-00382-4
Tra Bi, F.H., Kouamé, F.N. & Traoré, D. (2005). Utilisation of climbers in two forest reserves in West Côte d’Ivoire. In Forest Climbing Plants of West Africa. Diversity, Ecology and management. Bongers F, Parren MPE, Traoré D, (Eds). CABI publishing, Wallingford, 167-182
Tchoundjeu, Z. & Atangana, A.R. (2007). Ricinodendron heudelotii (Baill.) Pierre ex Heckel. [On line] Protabase sheet. van der VOSSEN H.A.M. et MKAMILO G.S. (Eds). PROTA (Plant Resources of Tropical Africa), Wageningen, Netherlands. < http://database.prota.org/recherche.htm>, (Consulted on, 12 August 2017.
Wondimu, T., Asfaw, Z., Kelbessa, E. (2006). Ethnobotanical study of food plants around 'Dheeraa' Town, Arsi, Ethiopia, Ethiop. J. Sci., 29:71–80. https://doi.org/10.4314/sinet.v29i1.18261
Yao, K, Koné, M.W.& Kamanzi, K. (2015). Contribution of leafy vegetables to the nutrition of populations in urban areas of the Côte D'ivoire. Eur. J. Sci. Res., 130:338-351
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How to Cite
Wild edible plants in the Ehotilé, a fishing people around Aby lagoon (eastern littoral of Côte d’Ivoire): Knowledge and availability. (2021). Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 13(1), 59-70. https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v13i1.2467
