Growth, yield and nutritional content of finger millet (Eleusine coracana L.) as influenced by pranic energy application
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Abstract
Pranic agriculture (PA) is an ancient farming method where pranic energy improves crop production. Finger millet or Ragi (Eleusine coracana. L) is a major staple millet consumed in India, particularly Karnataka and is a rich source of protein and nutrients. A field study in half-acre was carried out with pranic energy treatment to seed, land and crop and along with control (without energy treatment). The traits of finger millet like plant height (26%), number of productive tillers (35%), no of panicle (54%), number of fingers (13%) and grain yield (44%) were statistically (p < .05) higher over control. Protein content in finger millet straw (4.38 %) and grain (6.13%) was higher in pranic treatment than control (3.5 and 4.75%). Nitrogen and zinc content in millet grain was higher in pranic treatment (980 and 1.96 mg/100g) than control (760 and 1.63 mg/100g). The increase in protein, nitrogen and zinc content of the millet grain and straw will help to improve the quality of produce for consumption by cattle and humans. Increase in straw and grain yield will help to improve the economy of the farmer. Further studies are needed to know the actual mechanisms involved in the growth and yield improvement of finger millet. And, also in-depth studies are necessary to address the reasons behind the variation in nutrients accumulation in straw and grain.
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Keywords
Ancient farming techniques, Energy farming inventions, Prana, Sustainable agriculture practices
References
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Bose, J. C. (1902). Response in the Living and Non-living, London, New York & Bombay: Longmans, Green & Co, https://archive.org/details/responseinliving1902bose
Bose, J.C. (1926). The nervous mechanisms of plants. London: Longmans, Green and Co, http://www.drmichaellevin.org/Nervous%20mechanism%20of%20plants.pdf
Chatterjee, S. K., Das, S., Maharatna, K., Masi, E., Santopolo, L., Mancuso, S & Vitaletti, A. (2015). Exploring strategies for classification of external stimuli using statistical features of the plant electrical response. Journal of the Royal Society Interface, 12,20141225. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2014.1225
Cakmak, I. (2008). Enrichment of cereal grains with zinc: agronomic or genetic biofortification? Plant and Soil, 302(1-2): 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-007-9466-3
Chandra, D., Chandra, S. & Sharma, A. K. (2016). Review of Finger millet (Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn): a power house of health benefiting nutrients. Food Science and Human Wellness, 5(3), 149-155. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fshw.2016.05.004
Chandrasekharaiah, M., Sampath, K. T & Praveen, U. S. (2004). Effect of strategic supplementation of finger millet straw on milk yield in crossbred cows: On farm trial. Indian Journal of Dairy Science 57(3): 192-197.
Chetti, M. B & Sirohi, G. S. (1995). Effects of Water Stress on Leaf Characteristics and its Recovery in Mungbean Cultivars. Journal-Maharashtra Agricultural Universities 20, 85-87.
Chowdhury, A. R & Gupta, A. (2015). Effect of music on plants–an overview. International Journal of Integrative Sciences, Innovation and Technology 4(6): 30-34.
Gahoonia, T. S., Ali, R., Malhotra, R. S., Jahoor, A & Matiur, R. (2007). Variation in root morphological and physiological traits and nutrient uptake of chickpea genotypes. Journal of Plant Nutrition, 30, 829–841. https://doi.org/10.1080/15226510701373213
Geervani, P & Eggum, O. (1989). Nutrient composition and protein composition of minor millets. Plant Foods for Human Nutrition, 39: 201–208. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01091900
Gokul, G & Senthil Kumar, N. (2019). Effect of Foliar Feeding Technique on Growth and Yield of Ragi. Plant Archives, 19(2): 2889-2892.
Goron, T. L., Bhosekar, V. K., Shearer, C. R., Watts, S & Raizada, M. N. (2015). Whole plant acclimation responses by finger millet to low nitrogen stress. Frontiers in Plant Science, 6, 652. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00652
Gowda, N. K. S & Prasad, C. S. (2004). Macro and Micro-nutrient Utilization and Milk Production in Crossbred Dairy Cows Fed Finger Millet (Eleucine coracana) and Rice (Oryza sativa) Straw as Dry Roughage Source, Asian-Australian Journal of Animal Science, 18(1), 48-53. https://doi.org/10.5713/ajas.2005.48.
Gupta, P. K. (2000). Methods in environmental analysis: Water, Soil and Air. Agrobois, 4(3), 5-76.
Heine, W., Radke, M & Wutzke, K. D. (1995). The significance of tryptophan in human nutrition. Amino Acids. 9, 191–205. doi: 10.1007/BF00805951
ICAR (2019). Indian Council of Agricultural Research http://agrigoaexpert.res.in/icar/category/agriculture/fieldcrops/millet/Ragi.php. Accessed on 13.01.2021.
Jackson, M. L. (1973). Soil Chemical Analysis, Prentice Hall of India Private Limited, New Delhi. pp. 183-192.
Jois, S. N., Prasad, N. K and Shalini, N.S. (2019). Enhancement of shelf life of brinjal during storage using pranic agriculture protocol. Ecology, Environment and Conservation,25(3),1251-1254.
Jois, S. N., Prasad, N. K & D’Souza, L. (2017). Morphology of Cucumber plants as influenced by Pranic Agriculture. Asian Journal of Agricultural Research, 11, 33-35. DOI: 10.3923/ajar.2017.33.35
Jois, S. N., Roohie, K., D’Souza, L., Suma, F & Devaki, C. S. (2016). Physico-chemical qualities of tomato fruits as influenced by pranic treatment - an ancient technique for enhanced crop development. Indian Journal of Science and Technology, 9(46): 1–6. http:// DOI:10.17485/ijst/2016/v9i46/99733
Kennedy, M. M., Grootboom, A & Shewry, P. R. (2006). Harnessing sorghum and millet biotechnology for food and health. Journal of Cereal Science, 44(3): 224-235. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcs.2006.08.001
Kirlian, S. D. (1949). Method for receiving photographic pictures of different types of objects. Patent, N106401 USSR.1949.
Kratochvil, B & Mamba, S. (1990). Microwave acid dissolution of soil samples for elemental analysis. Can. J . Chem., 68, 360–362.
Marschner, H. (1995). Mineral nutrition of higher plants 2nd edition. Academic, Great Britain.
Morgan, J. B. & Connolly, E. L. (2013) Plant-Soil Interactions: Nutrient Uptake. Nature Education Knowledge 4(8), 2
Morgounov, A., Gómez-Becerra, H. F., Abugalieva, A., Dzhunusova, M., Yessimbekova, M., Muminjanov, H., Hafiz, M., Yu, Z., Levent, O & Cakmak, I. (2007). Iron and zinc grain density in common wheat grown in Central Asia. Euphytica, 155(1-2), 193-203. DOI 10.1007/s10681-006-9321-2
Pandey, S. T., Verma, O., Kewalanand & Pandey, D. S. (2015). Yogic farming through Brahma Kumaris Raja Yoga Meditation: An Ancient Technique for enhancing crop performance. Asian Agri-History, 19(2): 105-122, https://eco.brahmakumaris.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/Asian_Agri-History_2015_sm-2.pdf
Park, J., Kim, Y. Y., Martinoia, E & Lee, Y. (2008). Long-distance transporters of inorganic nutrients in plants. Journal of Plant Biology, 51(4), 240-247.
Patil, S. V., Bhosale, A. S & Khambal, P. D. (2015). Effect of various levels of fertilizers on growth and yield of finger millet. IOSR Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science 8(6), 49-52. DOI: 10.9790/2380-08614952
Poornima, R., Prasad, N., Yathindra, H. A & Jois, S.N. (2020). Influence of Pranic Agriculture on morphological traits, chlorophyll content and genetic polymorphism of Ridge gourd (Luffa acutangula L. Roxb.) assessed by RAPD marker analysis. AGRIVITA, Journal of Agricultural Science, 42(3). DOI: http://doi.org/10.17503/agrivita.v4 2i3.2715
Prasad, N. K & Jois, S. N. (2019). Pranic agriculture improves drumstick (Moringa olifera L.) germination and seedling growth. Ecology, Environment and Conservation 25(4), 1752-1755
Prasad, N. K & Jois, S. N. (2020). Enhancement of Papaya (Carica papaya) Seedling Growth by Pranic Agriculture. AGRIVITA, Journal of Agricultural Science. 42(1): 191-196. DOI: http://doi.org/10.17503/agrivita.v42i1.2410.
Reddy, K. G & Ragavan, R. (2013). Classical ragas: A new protein supplement in plants. Indian Journal of Life Sciences, 3(1), 97.
Scalbert, A., Manach, C., Morand, C., Remesy, C & Jimenez, L. (2005). Dietary polyphenols and the prevention of diseases, Critical Review in Food Science and Nutrition, 45 (4), 287–306. https://doi.org/10.1080/104 0869059096
Sharma, D., Gupta, U., Fernandes, A. J., Mankad, A & Solanki, H. A. (2015). The effect of music on physicochemical parameters of selected plants. Int. J. of Plant, Animal and Environmental Sciences, 5(1), 282-287.
Shobana, S., Krishnaswamy, K., Sudha, V., Malleshi, N. G., Anjana, R. M., Palaniappan, L & Mohan, V. (2013). Finger Millet (Ragi, Eleusine coracana L.). A review of its nutritional properties, processing and plausible health benefits. Advances in Food and Nutrition Research, 69, 1–39. Doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-410540-9.00001-6.
Stieger, P. A & Feller, U. (1994). Nutrient accumulation and translocation in maturing wheat plants grown on waterlogged soil. Plant and Soil, 160 (1), 87-95. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00150349
Sui, C. K. (2009). Advanced Pranic Healing: A Practical Manual for Color Pranic Healing. World Pranic Healing Foundation, India. Bangalore ISBN: 971-91106-4-3
Sui, C. K. (2015). The ancient science and art of pranic healing (3rd ed.). Manila: PH: Institute for Inner Studies Publishing Foundation, Inc.
Surendar, K. K & Jalaludhin, S. M. (2016). Study of morpho-physiological and root characters of ragi (Eleusine coracana) entries under rainfed conditions. Electronic Journal of Plant Breeding, 7(4), 1110-1113. DOI : 10.5958/0975-928X.2016.00153.8
Suresh, K., & Chandrakanth, M. G. (2015). Total factor productivity and returns to investment in Ragi (finger millet) crop research in Karnataka state, India. Indian Journal of Economics and Development 3, (3), 199-205.
Taiz, L & Zeiger, E. (2010). Plant physiology, 5th edn. Sinauer Associates Inc., Massachusetts,781 pp.
Tandon, P. N. (2019). Jagadish Chandra Bose & plant neurobiology, Indian Journal of Medical Research. 149, 593-599. DOI: 10.4103/ijmr.IJMR_392_19
Tome, D & Bos, C. (2007). Lysine requirement through the human life cycle. Journal of Nutrition. 137:1642S–1645S. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/137.6.1642S
Tabatabai, M. A & Bremner, J. M. (1970). A simple turbidimetric method of determining total sulfur in plant materials 1. Agronomy Journal, 62(6), 805-806.
Upadhyaya, H. D., Gowda, C. L., Pundir, R. P. S., Reddy, V. G & Singh, S. (2006). Development of core subset of finger millet germplasm using geographical origin and data on 14 quantitative traits. Genetic Resources & Crop Evolution 53, 679–685. doi: 10.1007/s10722-004-3228-3.
Volkov, A. G & Ranatunga, D. R. A. (2006). Plants as environmental biosensors. Plant Signaling and Behavior, 1(3), 105-115.
Wolie, A & Dessalegn, T. (2011). Correlation and path coefficient analyses of some yield related traits in finger millet (Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn.) germplasms in northwest Ethiopia. African Journal of Agricultural Research, 6,5099–5105. https://doi.org/10.5897/AJAR11.616
Bose, J.C. (1906). Plant Response as a means of Physiological Investigation, London, New York & Bombay: Longmans, Green & Co, https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.12980
Bose, J. C. (1902). Response in the Living and Non-living, London, New York & Bombay: Longmans, Green & Co, https://archive.org/details/responseinliving1902bose
Bose, J.C. (1926). The nervous mechanisms of plants. London: Longmans, Green and Co, http://www.drmichaellevin.org/Nervous%20mechanism%20of%20plants.pdf
Chatterjee, S. K., Das, S., Maharatna, K., Masi, E., Santopolo, L., Mancuso, S & Vitaletti, A. (2015). Exploring strategies for classification of external stimuli using statistical features of the plant electrical response. Journal of the Royal Society Interface, 12,20141225. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2014.1225
Cakmak, I. (2008). Enrichment of cereal grains with zinc: agronomic or genetic biofortification? Plant and Soil, 302(1-2): 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-007-9466-3
Chandra, D., Chandra, S. & Sharma, A. K. (2016). Review of Finger millet (Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn): a power house of health benefiting nutrients. Food Science and Human Wellness, 5(3), 149-155. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fshw.2016.05.004
Chandrasekharaiah, M., Sampath, K. T & Praveen, U. S. (2004). Effect of strategic supplementation of finger millet straw on milk yield in crossbred cows: On farm trial. Indian Journal of Dairy Science 57(3): 192-197.
Chetti, M. B & Sirohi, G. S. (1995). Effects of Water Stress on Leaf Characteristics and its Recovery in Mungbean Cultivars. Journal-Maharashtra Agricultural Universities 20, 85-87.
Chowdhury, A. R & Gupta, A. (2015). Effect of music on plants–an overview. International Journal of Integrative Sciences, Innovation and Technology 4(6): 30-34.
Gahoonia, T. S., Ali, R., Malhotra, R. S., Jahoor, A & Matiur, R. (2007). Variation in root morphological and physiological traits and nutrient uptake of chickpea genotypes. Journal of Plant Nutrition, 30, 829–841. https://doi.org/10.1080/15226510701373213
Geervani, P & Eggum, O. (1989). Nutrient composition and protein composition of minor millets. Plant Foods for Human Nutrition, 39: 201–208. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01091900
Gokul, G & Senthil Kumar, N. (2019). Effect of Foliar Feeding Technique on Growth and Yield of Ragi. Plant Archives, 19(2): 2889-2892.
Goron, T. L., Bhosekar, V. K., Shearer, C. R., Watts, S & Raizada, M. N. (2015). Whole plant acclimation responses by finger millet to low nitrogen stress. Frontiers in Plant Science, 6, 652. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00652
Gowda, N. K. S & Prasad, C. S. (2004). Macro and Micro-nutrient Utilization and Milk Production in Crossbred Dairy Cows Fed Finger Millet (Eleucine coracana) and Rice (Oryza sativa) Straw as Dry Roughage Source, Asian-Australian Journal of Animal Science, 18(1), 48-53. https://doi.org/10.5713/ajas.2005.48.
Gupta, P. K. (2000). Methods in environmental analysis: Water, Soil and Air. Agrobois, 4(3), 5-76.
Heine, W., Radke, M & Wutzke, K. D. (1995). The significance of tryptophan in human nutrition. Amino Acids. 9, 191–205. doi: 10.1007/BF00805951
ICAR (2019). Indian Council of Agricultural Research http://agrigoaexpert.res.in/icar/category/agriculture/fieldcrops/millet/Ragi.php. Accessed on 13.01.2021.
Jackson, M. L. (1973). Soil Chemical Analysis, Prentice Hall of India Private Limited, New Delhi. pp. 183-192.
Jois, S. N., Prasad, N. K and Shalini, N.S. (2019). Enhancement of shelf life of brinjal during storage using pranic agriculture protocol. Ecology, Environment and Conservation,25(3),1251-1254.
Jois, S. N., Prasad, N. K & D’Souza, L. (2017). Morphology of Cucumber plants as influenced by Pranic Agriculture. Asian Journal of Agricultural Research, 11, 33-35. DOI: 10.3923/ajar.2017.33.35
Jois, S. N., Roohie, K., D’Souza, L., Suma, F & Devaki, C. S. (2016). Physico-chemical qualities of tomato fruits as influenced by pranic treatment - an ancient technique for enhanced crop development. Indian Journal of Science and Technology, 9(46): 1–6. http:// DOI:10.17485/ijst/2016/v9i46/99733
Kennedy, M. M., Grootboom, A & Shewry, P. R. (2006). Harnessing sorghum and millet biotechnology for food and health. Journal of Cereal Science, 44(3): 224-235. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcs.2006.08.001
Kirlian, S. D. (1949). Method for receiving photographic pictures of different types of objects. Patent, N106401 USSR.1949.
Kratochvil, B & Mamba, S. (1990). Microwave acid dissolution of soil samples for elemental analysis. Can. J . Chem., 68, 360–362.
Marschner, H. (1995). Mineral nutrition of higher plants 2nd edition. Academic, Great Britain.
Morgan, J. B. & Connolly, E. L. (2013) Plant-Soil Interactions: Nutrient Uptake. Nature Education Knowledge 4(8), 2
Morgounov, A., Gómez-Becerra, H. F., Abugalieva, A., Dzhunusova, M., Yessimbekova, M., Muminjanov, H., Hafiz, M., Yu, Z., Levent, O & Cakmak, I. (2007). Iron and zinc grain density in common wheat grown in Central Asia. Euphytica, 155(1-2), 193-203. DOI 10.1007/s10681-006-9321-2
Pandey, S. T., Verma, O., Kewalanand & Pandey, D. S. (2015). Yogic farming through Brahma Kumaris Raja Yoga Meditation: An Ancient Technique for enhancing crop performance. Asian Agri-History, 19(2): 105-122, https://eco.brahmakumaris.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/Asian_Agri-History_2015_sm-2.pdf
Park, J., Kim, Y. Y., Martinoia, E & Lee, Y. (2008). Long-distance transporters of inorganic nutrients in plants. Journal of Plant Biology, 51(4), 240-247.
Patil, S. V., Bhosale, A. S & Khambal, P. D. (2015). Effect of various levels of fertilizers on growth and yield of finger millet. IOSR Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science 8(6), 49-52. DOI: 10.9790/2380-08614952
Poornima, R., Prasad, N., Yathindra, H. A & Jois, S.N. (2020). Influence of Pranic Agriculture on morphological traits, chlorophyll content and genetic polymorphism of Ridge gourd (Luffa acutangula L. Roxb.) assessed by RAPD marker analysis. AGRIVITA, Journal of Agricultural Science, 42(3). DOI: http://doi.org/10.17503/agrivita.v4 2i3.2715
Prasad, N. K & Jois, S. N. (2019). Pranic agriculture improves drumstick (Moringa olifera L.) germination and seedling growth. Ecology, Environment and Conservation 25(4), 1752-1755
Prasad, N. K & Jois, S. N. (2020). Enhancement of Papaya (Carica papaya) Seedling Growth by Pranic Agriculture. AGRIVITA, Journal of Agricultural Science. 42(1): 191-196. DOI: http://doi.org/10.17503/agrivita.v42i1.2410.
Reddy, K. G & Ragavan, R. (2013). Classical ragas: A new protein supplement in plants. Indian Journal of Life Sciences, 3(1), 97.
Scalbert, A., Manach, C., Morand, C., Remesy, C & Jimenez, L. (2005). Dietary polyphenols and the prevention of diseases, Critical Review in Food Science and Nutrition, 45 (4), 287–306. https://doi.org/10.1080/104 0869059096
Sharma, D., Gupta, U., Fernandes, A. J., Mankad, A & Solanki, H. A. (2015). The effect of music on physicochemical parameters of selected plants. Int. J. of Plant, Animal and Environmental Sciences, 5(1), 282-287.
Shobana, S., Krishnaswamy, K., Sudha, V., Malleshi, N. G., Anjana, R. M., Palaniappan, L & Mohan, V. (2013). Finger Millet (Ragi, Eleusine coracana L.). A review of its nutritional properties, processing and plausible health benefits. Advances in Food and Nutrition Research, 69, 1–39. Doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-410540-9.00001-6.
Stieger, P. A & Feller, U. (1994). Nutrient accumulation and translocation in maturing wheat plants grown on waterlogged soil. Plant and Soil, 160 (1), 87-95. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00150349
Sui, C. K. (2009). Advanced Pranic Healing: A Practical Manual for Color Pranic Healing. World Pranic Healing Foundation, India. Bangalore ISBN: 971-91106-4-3
Sui, C. K. (2015). The ancient science and art of pranic healing (3rd ed.). Manila: PH: Institute for Inner Studies Publishing Foundation, Inc.
Surendar, K. K & Jalaludhin, S. M. (2016). Study of morpho-physiological and root characters of ragi (Eleusine coracana) entries under rainfed conditions. Electronic Journal of Plant Breeding, 7(4), 1110-1113. DOI : 10.5958/0975-928X.2016.00153.8
Suresh, K., & Chandrakanth, M. G. (2015). Total factor productivity and returns to investment in Ragi (finger millet) crop research in Karnataka state, India. Indian Journal of Economics and Development 3, (3), 199-205.
Taiz, L & Zeiger, E. (2010). Plant physiology, 5th edn. Sinauer Associates Inc., Massachusetts,781 pp.
Tandon, P. N. (2019). Jagadish Chandra Bose & plant neurobiology, Indian Journal of Medical Research. 149, 593-599. DOI: 10.4103/ijmr.IJMR_392_19
Tome, D & Bos, C. (2007). Lysine requirement through the human life cycle. Journal of Nutrition. 137:1642S–1645S. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/137.6.1642S
Tabatabai, M. A & Bremner, J. M. (1970). A simple turbidimetric method of determining total sulfur in plant materials 1. Agronomy Journal, 62(6), 805-806.
Upadhyaya, H. D., Gowda, C. L., Pundir, R. P. S., Reddy, V. G & Singh, S. (2006). Development of core subset of finger millet germplasm using geographical origin and data on 14 quantitative traits. Genetic Resources & Crop Evolution 53, 679–685. doi: 10.1007/s10722-004-3228-3.
Volkov, A. G & Ranatunga, D. R. A. (2006). Plants as environmental biosensors. Plant Signaling and Behavior, 1(3), 105-115.
Wolie, A & Dessalegn, T. (2011). Correlation and path coefficient analyses of some yield related traits in finger millet (Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn.) germplasms in northwest Ethiopia. African Journal of Agricultural Research, 6,5099–5105. https://doi.org/10.5897/AJAR11.616
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Growth, yield and nutritional content of finger millet (Eleusine coracana L.) as influenced by pranic energy application. (2021). Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 13(1), 42-50. https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v13i1.2463
