Molecular marker assisted screening for kernel polyphenol oxidase activity in wheat Triticum aestivum L.
Article Main
Abstract
High level of kernel polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity has been found to be the major factor behind time-dependent discolouration of wheat-based products, which ultimately leads to reduced consumers’ preference. Till date, 6 genes belonging in 2 paralogous sets present in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) chromosome 2 homeologues (2A, 2B and 2D) have been reported to govern kernel PPO activity. Among these 6 genes, perfect molecular markers have been developed for 2 genes (PPOA1 and PPOD1) and the major role of PPOA1 gene in governing kernel PPO activity in wheat has been reported. In the present study we have used the molecular markers for the PPOA1 and PPOD1 genes to characterize wheat genotypes for their kernel PPO activity. We have successfully converted the dominant marker assay for the PPOD1 locus into a co-dominant assay using the already reported primers. Our molecular screening strategy could explain the kernel PPO activity of wheat genotypes in rapid, reliable and environment-independent manner. Furthermore, biochemical estimation of kernel PPO activity in wheat genotypes indicated the involvement of other genes in fine-tuning this important trait. Thus, the present study should facilitate the breeders in marker-assisted selection and breeding for developing wheat genotypes with low kernel PPO activity.
Article Details
Article Details
Keywords
Co-dominant screening, Marker-assisted breeding, Paralogous genes, Phenol test, Wheat kernel polyphenol oxidase activity
References
Anderson, J.A. & Morris, C.F. (2001). An improved whole-seed assay for screening wheat germplasm for polyphenol oxidase activity. Crop Sci., 41(6), 1697–1705. https://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci2001.1697
Anderson, J.V., Fuerst, E.P., Hurkman, W.J., Vensel, W.H. & Morris, C.F. (2006). Biochemical and genetic characterization of wheat (Triticum spp.) seed polyphenol oxidases. J. Cereal Sci., 44(3), 353–367. https://doi.org/1 0.1016/j.jcs.2006.06.008
Baik, B.K., Czuchajowska, Z. & Pomeranz, Y. (1994). Comparison of polyphenol oxidase activities in wheats and flours from Australian and US cultivars. J. Cereal Sci., 19(3), 291–296. https://doi.org/10.1006/jcrs.1994.1036
Baik, B.K., Czuchajowska, Z. & Pomeranz, Y. (1995). Discoloration of dough for oriental noodles. Cereal Chem., 72(2), 198–205. http://online.cerealsgrains.org/publicati ons/cc/backissues/1995/Documents/72_198.pdf
Beecher, B.S. & Skinner, D. (2011). Molecular cloning and expression analysis of multiple polyphenol oxidase genes in developing wheat (Triticum aestivum) kernels. J. Cereal Sci., 53(3), 371–378. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcs.2011.0 1.015
Beecher, B.S., Carter, A.H. & See, D.R. (2012). Genetic mapping of a new family of seed-expressed polyphenol oxidase genes in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Theor. Appl. Genet., 124, 1463–1473. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00122-012-1801-2
Chang, C., Zhang, H.P., Xu, J., You, M.S., Li, B.Y. & Liu, G.T. (2007). Variation in two PPO genes associated with polyphenol oxidase activity in seeds of common wheat. Euphytica., 154, 181–193. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10681-006-9285-2
Fuerst, E.P., Anderson, J.V. & Morris, C.F. (2006). Delineating the role of polyphenol oxidase in the darkening of alkaline wheat noodles. J. Agric. Food Chem. 54(6), 2378–2384. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf0526386
Gao, Z.J., Han, X.H. & Xiao, X.G. (2009). Purification and characterisation of polyphenol oxidase from red Swiss chard (Beta vulgaris subspecies cicla) leaves. Food Chem., 117(2), 342–348. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foo dchem.2009.04.013
Hatcher, D.W. & Kruger, J.E. (1993). Distribution of polyphenol oxidase in flour millstreams of Canadian common wheat classes milled to three extraction rates. Cereal Chem., 70, 51–55. http://online.cerealsgrains.org/public ations/cc/backissues/1993/Documents/70_51.pdf
He, X.Y., He, Z.H., Zhang, L.P., Sun, D.J., Morris, C.F., Fuerst, E.P. & Xia, X.C. (2007). Allelic variation of polyphenol oxidase (PPO) genes located on chromosomes 2A and 2D and development of functional markers for the PPO genes in common wheat. Theor. Appl. Genet., 115, 47–58. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00122-007-0539-8
Jime´nez, M. & Dubcovsky, J. (1999). Chromosome location of genes affecting polyphenol oxidase activity in seeds of common and durum wheat. Plant Breed., 118(5), 395–398.https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1439-0523.1999.0039 3.x
Jukanti, A.K., Bruckner, P.L. & Fisher, A.M. (2004). Evaluation of wheat polyphenol oxidase genes. Cereal Chem., 81(4), 481–485. https://doi.org/10.1094/CCHEM.2004.81. 4.481
Kumar, V., Kumar, P. & Chattopadhyay, T. (2017). A rapid and reproducible method for isolating genomic DNA from a few crop plants suitable for polymerase chain reaction-based genotyping. J. Appl. Nat. Sci. 9(2), 1119–1122. https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v9i2.1332
Mares, D.J. & Campbell, A.W. (2001). Mapping components of flour and noodle colour in Australian wheat. Aust. J. Agric. Res. 52(11/12), 1297–1309. https://doi.or g/10.1071/AR01048
Martin, J.M., Berg, J.E., Hofer, P., Kephart, K.D., Nash, D. & Bruckner, P.L. (2011). Allelic variation of polyphenol oxidase genes impacts on Chinese raw noodle color. J. Cereal Sci., 54(3), 387–394. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcs.2011.08.003
Mayer, A.M. & Harel, E. (1979). Polyphenol oxidases in plants. Phytochemistry, 18(2), 193–215. https://doi.or g/10.1016/0031-9422(79)80057-6
Morris, C.F. (2018) Determinants of wheat noodle color. J. Sci. Food Agric., 98(14), 5171–5180. https://doi.org/10.1 002/jsfa.9134
Nilthong, S., Graybosch, R.A. & Baenziger, P.S. (2013). Enzyme activity in wheat breeding lines derived from matings of low polyphenol oxidase parents. Euphytica. 190, 65–73. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10681-012-0777-y
Park, W.J., Shelton, D.R., Peterson, C.J., Martin, T.J., Kachman, S.D. & Wehling, R.L. (1997). Variation in polyphenol oxidase activity and quality characteristics among hard white wheat and hard red winter wheat samples. Cereal Chem., 74(1), 7–11. https://doi.org/10.1094/CCHEM.1997.74.1.7
Raman, R., Raman, H. & Martin, P. (2007). Functional gene markers for polyphenol oxidase locus in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Mol. Breed., 19, 315–328. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11032-006-9064-8
Rani, K.U., Prasada-Rao, U.J.S., Leelavathi, K. & Haridas-Rao, P. (2001). Distribution of enzymes in wheat flour mill streams. J. Cereal Sci., 34(3), 233–242. https://doi.org/10.1006/jcrs.2000.0393
Sadeque, A., Turner, M., Khan, A., Ahmed, N. & Adhikari, K. (2018) Identification of quantitative trait loci markers using diversity arrays technology for polyphenol oxidase activity in hexaploid wheat, New Zeal. J. Crop Hort. 46(3), 243–253, https://doi.org/10.1080/01140671.2017.1397 705
Salaria, N., Kukreja, S., Kaur, S. & Goutam, U. (2018) Variable polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity indicates grain quality in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Ind. J. Plant Physiol. 23,516–520. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40502-018-0379-3
Singh, R., Goutam, U., Gupta, R.K., Pandey, G.C., Shoran, J. & Tiwari, R. (2009). Allelic variations of functional markers for polyphenol oxidase (PPO) genes in Indian bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars. J. Genet., 3, 325–329. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12041-009-0047-5
Stevenson, L., Phillips, F., O’sullivan, K. & Walton, J. (2012). Wheat bran, its composition and benefits to health, a European perspective. Int. J. Food Sci. Nutr., 63(8), 1001–1013. https://doi.org/10.3109/09637486.2012.6 87366
Sun, D.J., He, Z.H., Xia, X.C., Zhang, L.P., Morris, C.F., Appels, R., Ma, W.J. & Wang, H. (2005). A novel STS marker for polyphenol oxidase activity in bread wheat. Mol. Breed., 16, 209–218. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11032-005-6618-0
Wang, X.B., Ma, C.X., Si, H.Q., Qiao, Y.Q., Chang, C., He, X.F. & Xia, Y.X. (2009). Gene markers for grain polyphenol oxidase activity in common wheat. Mol. Breed., 23, 163–170. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11032-008-9223-1
Zhai, S., He, Z., Wen, W., Jin, H., Liu, J., Zhang, Y., Liu, Z. & Xia, X. (2016) Genome-wide linkage mapping of flour color-related traits and polyphenol oxidase activity in common wheat. Theor. Appl. Genet., 129, 377–394. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00122-015-2634-6
Zhai, S., He, Z., Wen, W., Liu, J., Jin, H., Yan, J., Zhang, Y., Zhang, P., Wan, Y. & Xia, X. (2020). Genetic architecture of polyphenol oxidase activity in wheat flour by genome-wide association study. Crop Sci., 60(3), 1281–1293. https://doi.org/10.1002/csc2.20038
Anderson, J.V., Fuerst, E.P., Hurkman, W.J., Vensel, W.H. & Morris, C.F. (2006). Biochemical and genetic characterization of wheat (Triticum spp.) seed polyphenol oxidases. J. Cereal Sci., 44(3), 353–367. https://doi.org/1 0.1016/j.jcs.2006.06.008
Baik, B.K., Czuchajowska, Z. & Pomeranz, Y. (1994). Comparison of polyphenol oxidase activities in wheats and flours from Australian and US cultivars. J. Cereal Sci., 19(3), 291–296. https://doi.org/10.1006/jcrs.1994.1036
Baik, B.K., Czuchajowska, Z. & Pomeranz, Y. (1995). Discoloration of dough for oriental noodles. Cereal Chem., 72(2), 198–205. http://online.cerealsgrains.org/publicati ons/cc/backissues/1995/Documents/72_198.pdf
Beecher, B.S. & Skinner, D. (2011). Molecular cloning and expression analysis of multiple polyphenol oxidase genes in developing wheat (Triticum aestivum) kernels. J. Cereal Sci., 53(3), 371–378. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcs.2011.0 1.015
Beecher, B.S., Carter, A.H. & See, D.R. (2012). Genetic mapping of a new family of seed-expressed polyphenol oxidase genes in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Theor. Appl. Genet., 124, 1463–1473. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00122-012-1801-2
Chang, C., Zhang, H.P., Xu, J., You, M.S., Li, B.Y. & Liu, G.T. (2007). Variation in two PPO genes associated with polyphenol oxidase activity in seeds of common wheat. Euphytica., 154, 181–193. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10681-006-9285-2
Fuerst, E.P., Anderson, J.V. & Morris, C.F. (2006). Delineating the role of polyphenol oxidase in the darkening of alkaline wheat noodles. J. Agric. Food Chem. 54(6), 2378–2384. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf0526386
Gao, Z.J., Han, X.H. & Xiao, X.G. (2009). Purification and characterisation of polyphenol oxidase from red Swiss chard (Beta vulgaris subspecies cicla) leaves. Food Chem., 117(2), 342–348. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foo dchem.2009.04.013
Hatcher, D.W. & Kruger, J.E. (1993). Distribution of polyphenol oxidase in flour millstreams of Canadian common wheat classes milled to three extraction rates. Cereal Chem., 70, 51–55. http://online.cerealsgrains.org/public ations/cc/backissues/1993/Documents/70_51.pdf
He, X.Y., He, Z.H., Zhang, L.P., Sun, D.J., Morris, C.F., Fuerst, E.P. & Xia, X.C. (2007). Allelic variation of polyphenol oxidase (PPO) genes located on chromosomes 2A and 2D and development of functional markers for the PPO genes in common wheat. Theor. Appl. Genet., 115, 47–58. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00122-007-0539-8
Jime´nez, M. & Dubcovsky, J. (1999). Chromosome location of genes affecting polyphenol oxidase activity in seeds of common and durum wheat. Plant Breed., 118(5), 395–398.https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1439-0523.1999.0039 3.x
Jukanti, A.K., Bruckner, P.L. & Fisher, A.M. (2004). Evaluation of wheat polyphenol oxidase genes. Cereal Chem., 81(4), 481–485. https://doi.org/10.1094/CCHEM.2004.81. 4.481
Kumar, V., Kumar, P. & Chattopadhyay, T. (2017). A rapid and reproducible method for isolating genomic DNA from a few crop plants suitable for polymerase chain reaction-based genotyping. J. Appl. Nat. Sci. 9(2), 1119–1122. https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v9i2.1332
Mares, D.J. & Campbell, A.W. (2001). Mapping components of flour and noodle colour in Australian wheat. Aust. J. Agric. Res. 52(11/12), 1297–1309. https://doi.or g/10.1071/AR01048
Martin, J.M., Berg, J.E., Hofer, P., Kephart, K.D., Nash, D. & Bruckner, P.L. (2011). Allelic variation of polyphenol oxidase genes impacts on Chinese raw noodle color. J. Cereal Sci., 54(3), 387–394. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcs.2011.08.003
Mayer, A.M. & Harel, E. (1979). Polyphenol oxidases in plants. Phytochemistry, 18(2), 193–215. https://doi.or g/10.1016/0031-9422(79)80057-6
Morris, C.F. (2018) Determinants of wheat noodle color. J. Sci. Food Agric., 98(14), 5171–5180. https://doi.org/10.1 002/jsfa.9134
Nilthong, S., Graybosch, R.A. & Baenziger, P.S. (2013). Enzyme activity in wheat breeding lines derived from matings of low polyphenol oxidase parents. Euphytica. 190, 65–73. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10681-012-0777-y
Park, W.J., Shelton, D.R., Peterson, C.J., Martin, T.J., Kachman, S.D. & Wehling, R.L. (1997). Variation in polyphenol oxidase activity and quality characteristics among hard white wheat and hard red winter wheat samples. Cereal Chem., 74(1), 7–11. https://doi.org/10.1094/CCHEM.1997.74.1.7
Raman, R., Raman, H. & Martin, P. (2007). Functional gene markers for polyphenol oxidase locus in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Mol. Breed., 19, 315–328. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11032-006-9064-8
Rani, K.U., Prasada-Rao, U.J.S., Leelavathi, K. & Haridas-Rao, P. (2001). Distribution of enzymes in wheat flour mill streams. J. Cereal Sci., 34(3), 233–242. https://doi.org/10.1006/jcrs.2000.0393
Sadeque, A., Turner, M., Khan, A., Ahmed, N. & Adhikari, K. (2018) Identification of quantitative trait loci markers using diversity arrays technology for polyphenol oxidase activity in hexaploid wheat, New Zeal. J. Crop Hort. 46(3), 243–253, https://doi.org/10.1080/01140671.2017.1397 705
Salaria, N., Kukreja, S., Kaur, S. & Goutam, U. (2018) Variable polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity indicates grain quality in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Ind. J. Plant Physiol. 23,516–520. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40502-018-0379-3
Singh, R., Goutam, U., Gupta, R.K., Pandey, G.C., Shoran, J. & Tiwari, R. (2009). Allelic variations of functional markers for polyphenol oxidase (PPO) genes in Indian bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars. J. Genet., 3, 325–329. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12041-009-0047-5
Stevenson, L., Phillips, F., O’sullivan, K. & Walton, J. (2012). Wheat bran, its composition and benefits to health, a European perspective. Int. J. Food Sci. Nutr., 63(8), 1001–1013. https://doi.org/10.3109/09637486.2012.6 87366
Sun, D.J., He, Z.H., Xia, X.C., Zhang, L.P., Morris, C.F., Appels, R., Ma, W.J. & Wang, H. (2005). A novel STS marker for polyphenol oxidase activity in bread wheat. Mol. Breed., 16, 209–218. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11032-005-6618-0
Wang, X.B., Ma, C.X., Si, H.Q., Qiao, Y.Q., Chang, C., He, X.F. & Xia, Y.X. (2009). Gene markers for grain polyphenol oxidase activity in common wheat. Mol. Breed., 23, 163–170. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11032-008-9223-1
Zhai, S., He, Z., Wen, W., Jin, H., Liu, J., Zhang, Y., Liu, Z. & Xia, X. (2016) Genome-wide linkage mapping of flour color-related traits and polyphenol oxidase activity in common wheat. Theor. Appl. Genet., 129, 377–394. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00122-015-2634-6
Zhai, S., He, Z., Wen, W., Liu, J., Jin, H., Yan, J., Zhang, Y., Zhang, P., Wan, Y. & Xia, X. (2020). Genetic architecture of polyphenol oxidase activity in wheat flour by genome-wide association study. Crop Sci., 60(3), 1281–1293. https://doi.org/10.1002/csc2.20038
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How to Cite
Molecular marker assisted screening for kernel polyphenol oxidase activity in wheat Triticum aestivum L. (2021). Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 13(1), 8-15. https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v13i1.2445
