Mango malformation: A fungal disease, physiological disorder or malady of stress
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Abstract
Mango (Mangifera indica L.) is one of the important commercial crops occupying a prominent place among various fruit crops. Mango malformation is a crucial malady in mango production leading to heavy economic loss. Malformation occurs in vegetative as well as floral tissue, later being virulent leading to loss of entire crop. Fusarium moniliforme is suggested as dominant causal agent of the disease although association of ‘stress ethylene’ with disease occurrence has also been studied. Fungal pathogens responsible for the malady are known to elevate the level of ‘stress ethylene’ in malformed plants. Various reports have been put forward to explain the etiology and control measures of the disease but nature and management of the disease is still a mystery. Hence, the present review aims at offering information regarding aspects of development and management of mango malformation.
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Keywords
Abiotic and biotic stress, Fusarium, Mango malformation, Stress ethylene
References
Ansari, M.W. (2004). Studies on the etiology of mango malformation: physiological and pathological perspectives. Ph.D. Thesis, G. B. Pant Univ. of Agric. & Tech., Pantnagar.
Ansari, M.W., Rani, V., Shukla, A., Bains, G., Pant, R.C. and Tuteja, N. (2015). Mango (Mangiferaindica L.) malformation: a malady of stress ethylene origin. Physiol. Mol. Biol. Plants,21(1): 1-8.
Bains, G. and Pant, R.C. (2003). Mango malformation: Etiology and preventive measures. Physiol. Mol. Biol. Plants, 9: 41-61.
Chakrabarti, D.K. (2011). Mango Malformation. Springer Press, NY, USA.
Chakrabarti, D.K. (1996). Etiology and remedy of mango malformation. In: Disease Scenario in Crop Plants. Vol. 1- Fruits and Vegetables. Agnihotri, V.P.; Prakash, O.; Kisbun, R. and Misra, A.K. (eds.). International Books and Periodicals Supply Service, Pitampura, Delhi, India. pp. 49-59.
Chakrabarty, D.K. and Kumar, R. (2002). Mango malformation: Present status and future strategy. In: Upadhyay, R.K., Arora, D.K. and Dubey, O.P. eds. IPM Systems in Agriculture.
Freeman, S., Maimon, M., and Pinkas, Y. (1999). Use of GUS transformants of Fusarium subglutinans for determining etiology of mango malformation disease. Phytopathology, 89: 456-461.
Freeman, S., Klein-Gueta, D. and Korolev, N. (2004). Epidemiology and survival of Fusarium mangiferae, the causal agent of mango malformation disease. Acta. Hort.,645: 487-491.
Freeman, S., Shitenberg, D. and Maymon, M. (2014). New insights into mango malformation disease epidemiology lead to a new integrated management strategy for subtropical environments. The American Phytopathological Society. Plant Disease, 98:11.
Gamliel-Atinsky, E., Freeman, S., Sztejnberg, A., Maymon, M., Ochoa, R., Belausov, E. and Palevsky, E. (2009). Interaction of Aceriamangiferae with Fusarium mangiferae, the causal agent of mango malformation disease. Phytopathology, 99:152-159.
Haggag, W.M. (2010). Mango diseases in Egypt. Agric. Biol. J. N. Am.,1(3): 285-289.
Haggag,W.M., Hazza, M., Sehab, A. and Abd El-Wahab, M. (2010). Scanning electron microcopy studies on mango malformation. Nature and Sci.,8:122-127.
Iqbal, Z., Saleem, A. and Dasti, A.A. (2004). Assessment of mango malformation in eight districts of Punjab (Pakistan). Int. J. Agri. Biol.,6: 620–623.
Iqbal, Z., Akhtar, N., Ghazanfar, M.U., Shehzad, S.M., Ahmad, S., Asif, M., Yasin, M., Pervez, M.A., Dasti, A.A., and Saleem, A. (2011). Management of mango malformation through physical alteration and chemical spray. Afri. J. Agric. Res., 6:1891-1901.
Jouyban, Z. (2012). Ethylene biosynthesis. Tech. J. Engg. Appl. Sci., 1:107-110.
Kaushik, S.B. (2002). Studies on the etiology of mango (Mangiferaindica L.) malformation., Ph.D. Thesis, G. B. Pant Univ. of Agric. & Tech., Pantnagar. pp.188.
Krishnan, A.G., Nailwal, T.K., Shukla, A. and Pant, R.C. (2009). Mango (Mangiferaindica L.) malformation an unsolved mystery. Researcher, 1:20-36.
Kukreja, S. and Pant, R.C. (2000). Role of cyanide in necrosis of malformed tissues of mango. Indian J. Hort., 57: 102-105.
Kumar, R. and Chakrabarty, D.K. (1992). Biochemical evidence of physiological specialization of Fusarium moniliformeSheld. The incitant disease of MangiferaindicaL. Indian J. Expt. Biol., 30: 448-450.
Kumar, J., Singh, U.S., and Beniwal, S.P.S. (1993). Mango malformation: One hundred years of research. Annual Review of Phytopathology, 31: 217-232.
Kumar, P. and Misra, A.K. (2016). Current Scenario of Mango Malformation and Its Management Strategies: An Overview. P. Kumar et al., (eds.), Current Trends in Plant Disease Diagnostics and Management Practices, Fungal Biology, pp.221-236.
Kumar, P., Misra, A.K. and Modi, D.R. (2011). Current status of mango malformation in India. Asian Journal of Plant Sciences, 10(1): 1-23.
Kvas, M., Steenkamp, E.T., Al-Aldwani, A.O., Deadman, M.L., Al-Jahwari, A.A. and Marasas, W.F.O. (2008). Fusarium mangiferae associated with mango malformation in Sultanate of Oman. Eur. J. Plant Pathol., 121:195-199.
Mahrous, H.A.H. (2004). Effect of spraying some chemical substances and a fungicide on floral malformation disease in mango. Acta Hort., 645: 481-486.
Muhammad, F., Ibrahim, M. And Pervez, M.A. (1999). Some physiological aspects of mango malformation. Int. J. Agri. Biol.,1: 94-96.
Nailwal, T.K., AnithaGomathi, K., Bains, G., Sand, N.K. and Pant, R.C. (2006). Mango (Mangiferaindica L.) malformatiom: Role of stress ethylene and cyanide. Physiol. Mol. Biol. Plants, 12(2): 131-134.
NBH (2004 and 2016). National Board of Horticulture
Pant, R.C. (2000). Is ‘Stress ethylene’ the cause of mango (Mangiferaindica L.) malformation? Physiol. Mol. Biol. Plant, 6: 8-14.
Ploetz, R.C. (2001). Malformation: a unique and important disease of mango, MangiferaindicaL. In Summerell, B. A., Leslie, J. F., Backhouse, D., Bryden W. L. and Burgess L. W. (eds), Fusarium: Paul E. Nelson Memorial Symposium (St Paul: APS Press), pp. 233-247.
Ploetz, R.C. (2004). The Major Diseases of Mango: Strategies and Potential for Sustainable Management. Acta Hort., 645: 137-150.
Ploetz, R.C., Haynes, J.L., VaaZquez, A. and Sattar, M.A.A. (1999). A preliminary studyon the causal agent of mango malformation in Egypt. Phytopathol., 89: S60 (abst).
Ploetz, R., Zheng, Q., Vazquez, A. and Abdel Sattar, M.A. (2002). Current status and impact of mango malformation in Egypt. Interntl. J. Pest Manag., (in press).
Ram, S. and Yadav, V.K. (1999). Mango malformation- a review. J. Appl. Hort. 1: 70-78.
Raj, R.S., Thakur, S.V., Vyas, Y.S., Patel, K.M., Patel, P.V., Joshi, M.N., Tyagi, S.N., and Bagatharia, S.B. (2017). Diversity analysis, pathogen load and gene expression studies of mango cultivars infected by mango malformation disease. Plant Growth Regulation, 81(1):117-130
Rymbai, H. and Rajesh, A. M. (2011). Mango malformation: a review. Life Sci. Leaf.,22:1079-1095.
Sharma, R.R., Sharma, H.C. and Goswami, A.M. (1994). Polyphenol oxidase activity and phenolic content pattern during shoot development of grape (Vitis vinifera L.) in different growing seasons. J. Plant. Biochem. Biol., 3: 145-147.
Singh, Z. (2000). Hormonal physiology of mango malformation- an overview. Acta Hort., 525: 229-236.
Singh, A., Ansari, M.W., Singh, C.P., Shukla, A., Pant, R.C., Tuteja, N. and Bains, G. (2014). First evidence of putrescine involvement in mitigating floral malformation in mango: a scanning electron microscope study. Protoplasma,251(5):1255-1261.
Singh, Z., Singh, L., Arora, C. L., and Dhillon, B. S. (1994) Effect of cobalt, cadmium, and nickel as inhibitors of ethylene biosynthesis on floral malformation, yield, and fruit quality of mango. J. Plant Nutr. 17: 1659-1670.
Sirohi, S.C., Prakash, S., Rana, P. and Singh, R. (2009). Response of mango malformation to severity of malformed panicle bearing shoot pruning. Indian J. Hort., 66: 393-395.
Summanwar, A.S. (1967). Mango malformation: Serious economic consequences. Indian Hort., 11: 12-16.
Summanwar, A.S., Raychaudhuri, S.P., and Pathak, S.C. (1966). Association of the fungus Fusarium moniliformeSheld. with the malformation in mango (Mangiferaindica L.). Indian Phytopathology, 19: 227-229.
Watt, G. (1891). Dictionary of economic products of India. 5:149. Govt. Printing Press, Calcutta.
Yadav, V. K. (1999). Mango malformation- a review. J. Appl. Hort., 1(1):70-78.
Youssef, S.A., Maymon, M., Zveibil, A., Klein-Gueta, D., Sztejnberg, A., Shalaby, A.A. and Freeman, S. (2007). Epidemiological aspects of mango malformation disease caused by Fusarium mangiferaeand source of infection in seedlings cultivated in orchards in Egypt. Plant Pathol.,56: 257-263.
Youssef, S. A., Shalaby, A. A., Sztejnberg, A., Maymon, M., Zveibil, A., Klein-Gueta, D. and Freeman, S. (2009). Malformation Presence in Mango Seedling Trees Cultivated within Infected Egyptian Orchards. Acta Hort., 820: 479-482.
Zheng, Q. and Ploetz, R. (2002). Genetic diversity in, and development of a PCR assay for identifying, the mango malformation pathogen. Plant Pathol., 51:208-216.
Ansari, M.W., Rani, V., Shukla, A., Bains, G., Pant, R.C. and Tuteja, N. (2015). Mango (Mangiferaindica L.) malformation: a malady of stress ethylene origin. Physiol. Mol. Biol. Plants,21(1): 1-8.
Bains, G. and Pant, R.C. (2003). Mango malformation: Etiology and preventive measures. Physiol. Mol. Biol. Plants, 9: 41-61.
Chakrabarti, D.K. (2011). Mango Malformation. Springer Press, NY, USA.
Chakrabarti, D.K. (1996). Etiology and remedy of mango malformation. In: Disease Scenario in Crop Plants. Vol. 1- Fruits and Vegetables. Agnihotri, V.P.; Prakash, O.; Kisbun, R. and Misra, A.K. (eds.). International Books and Periodicals Supply Service, Pitampura, Delhi, India. pp. 49-59.
Chakrabarty, D.K. and Kumar, R. (2002). Mango malformation: Present status and future strategy. In: Upadhyay, R.K., Arora, D.K. and Dubey, O.P. eds. IPM Systems in Agriculture.
Freeman, S., Maimon, M., and Pinkas, Y. (1999). Use of GUS transformants of Fusarium subglutinans for determining etiology of mango malformation disease. Phytopathology, 89: 456-461.
Freeman, S., Klein-Gueta, D. and Korolev, N. (2004). Epidemiology and survival of Fusarium mangiferae, the causal agent of mango malformation disease. Acta. Hort.,645: 487-491.
Freeman, S., Shitenberg, D. and Maymon, M. (2014). New insights into mango malformation disease epidemiology lead to a new integrated management strategy for subtropical environments. The American Phytopathological Society. Plant Disease, 98:11.
Gamliel-Atinsky, E., Freeman, S., Sztejnberg, A., Maymon, M., Ochoa, R., Belausov, E. and Palevsky, E. (2009). Interaction of Aceriamangiferae with Fusarium mangiferae, the causal agent of mango malformation disease. Phytopathology, 99:152-159.
Haggag, W.M. (2010). Mango diseases in Egypt. Agric. Biol. J. N. Am.,1(3): 285-289.
Haggag,W.M., Hazza, M., Sehab, A. and Abd El-Wahab, M. (2010). Scanning electron microcopy studies on mango malformation. Nature and Sci.,8:122-127.
Iqbal, Z., Saleem, A. and Dasti, A.A. (2004). Assessment of mango malformation in eight districts of Punjab (Pakistan). Int. J. Agri. Biol.,6: 620–623.
Iqbal, Z., Akhtar, N., Ghazanfar, M.U., Shehzad, S.M., Ahmad, S., Asif, M., Yasin, M., Pervez, M.A., Dasti, A.A., and Saleem, A. (2011). Management of mango malformation through physical alteration and chemical spray. Afri. J. Agric. Res., 6:1891-1901.
Jouyban, Z. (2012). Ethylene biosynthesis. Tech. J. Engg. Appl. Sci., 1:107-110.
Kaushik, S.B. (2002). Studies on the etiology of mango (Mangiferaindica L.) malformation., Ph.D. Thesis, G. B. Pant Univ. of Agric. & Tech., Pantnagar. pp.188.
Krishnan, A.G., Nailwal, T.K., Shukla, A. and Pant, R.C. (2009). Mango (Mangiferaindica L.) malformation an unsolved mystery. Researcher, 1:20-36.
Kukreja, S. and Pant, R.C. (2000). Role of cyanide in necrosis of malformed tissues of mango. Indian J. Hort., 57: 102-105.
Kumar, R. and Chakrabarty, D.K. (1992). Biochemical evidence of physiological specialization of Fusarium moniliformeSheld. The incitant disease of MangiferaindicaL. Indian J. Expt. Biol., 30: 448-450.
Kumar, J., Singh, U.S., and Beniwal, S.P.S. (1993). Mango malformation: One hundred years of research. Annual Review of Phytopathology, 31: 217-232.
Kumar, P. and Misra, A.K. (2016). Current Scenario of Mango Malformation and Its Management Strategies: An Overview. P. Kumar et al., (eds.), Current Trends in Plant Disease Diagnostics and Management Practices, Fungal Biology, pp.221-236.
Kumar, P., Misra, A.K. and Modi, D.R. (2011). Current status of mango malformation in India. Asian Journal of Plant Sciences, 10(1): 1-23.
Kvas, M., Steenkamp, E.T., Al-Aldwani, A.O., Deadman, M.L., Al-Jahwari, A.A. and Marasas, W.F.O. (2008). Fusarium mangiferae associated with mango malformation in Sultanate of Oman. Eur. J. Plant Pathol., 121:195-199.
Mahrous, H.A.H. (2004). Effect of spraying some chemical substances and a fungicide on floral malformation disease in mango. Acta Hort., 645: 481-486.
Muhammad, F., Ibrahim, M. And Pervez, M.A. (1999). Some physiological aspects of mango malformation. Int. J. Agri. Biol.,1: 94-96.
Nailwal, T.K., AnithaGomathi, K., Bains, G., Sand, N.K. and Pant, R.C. (2006). Mango (Mangiferaindica L.) malformatiom: Role of stress ethylene and cyanide. Physiol. Mol. Biol. Plants, 12(2): 131-134.
NBH (2004 and 2016). National Board of Horticulture
Pant, R.C. (2000). Is ‘Stress ethylene’ the cause of mango (Mangiferaindica L.) malformation? Physiol. Mol. Biol. Plant, 6: 8-14.
Ploetz, R.C. (2001). Malformation: a unique and important disease of mango, MangiferaindicaL. In Summerell, B. A., Leslie, J. F., Backhouse, D., Bryden W. L. and Burgess L. W. (eds), Fusarium: Paul E. Nelson Memorial Symposium (St Paul: APS Press), pp. 233-247.
Ploetz, R.C. (2004). The Major Diseases of Mango: Strategies and Potential for Sustainable Management. Acta Hort., 645: 137-150.
Ploetz, R.C., Haynes, J.L., VaaZquez, A. and Sattar, M.A.A. (1999). A preliminary studyon the causal agent of mango malformation in Egypt. Phytopathol., 89: S60 (abst).
Ploetz, R., Zheng, Q., Vazquez, A. and Abdel Sattar, M.A. (2002). Current status and impact of mango malformation in Egypt. Interntl. J. Pest Manag., (in press).
Ram, S. and Yadav, V.K. (1999). Mango malformation- a review. J. Appl. Hort. 1: 70-78.
Raj, R.S., Thakur, S.V., Vyas, Y.S., Patel, K.M., Patel, P.V., Joshi, M.N., Tyagi, S.N., and Bagatharia, S.B. (2017). Diversity analysis, pathogen load and gene expression studies of mango cultivars infected by mango malformation disease. Plant Growth Regulation, 81(1):117-130
Rymbai, H. and Rajesh, A. M. (2011). Mango malformation: a review. Life Sci. Leaf.,22:1079-1095.
Sharma, R.R., Sharma, H.C. and Goswami, A.M. (1994). Polyphenol oxidase activity and phenolic content pattern during shoot development of grape (Vitis vinifera L.) in different growing seasons. J. Plant. Biochem. Biol., 3: 145-147.
Singh, Z. (2000). Hormonal physiology of mango malformation- an overview. Acta Hort., 525: 229-236.
Singh, A., Ansari, M.W., Singh, C.P., Shukla, A., Pant, R.C., Tuteja, N. and Bains, G. (2014). First evidence of putrescine involvement in mitigating floral malformation in mango: a scanning electron microscope study. Protoplasma,251(5):1255-1261.
Singh, Z., Singh, L., Arora, C. L., and Dhillon, B. S. (1994) Effect of cobalt, cadmium, and nickel as inhibitors of ethylene biosynthesis on floral malformation, yield, and fruit quality of mango. J. Plant Nutr. 17: 1659-1670.
Sirohi, S.C., Prakash, S., Rana, P. and Singh, R. (2009). Response of mango malformation to severity of malformed panicle bearing shoot pruning. Indian J. Hort., 66: 393-395.
Summanwar, A.S. (1967). Mango malformation: Serious economic consequences. Indian Hort., 11: 12-16.
Summanwar, A.S., Raychaudhuri, S.P., and Pathak, S.C. (1966). Association of the fungus Fusarium moniliformeSheld. with the malformation in mango (Mangiferaindica L.). Indian Phytopathology, 19: 227-229.
Watt, G. (1891). Dictionary of economic products of India. 5:149. Govt. Printing Press, Calcutta.
Yadav, V. K. (1999). Mango malformation- a review. J. Appl. Hort., 1(1):70-78.
Youssef, S.A., Maymon, M., Zveibil, A., Klein-Gueta, D., Sztejnberg, A., Shalaby, A.A. and Freeman, S. (2007). Epidemiological aspects of mango malformation disease caused by Fusarium mangiferaeand source of infection in seedlings cultivated in orchards in Egypt. Plant Pathol.,56: 257-263.
Youssef, S. A., Shalaby, A. A., Sztejnberg, A., Maymon, M., Zveibil, A., Klein-Gueta, D. and Freeman, S. (2009). Malformation Presence in Mango Seedling Trees Cultivated within Infected Egyptian Orchards. Acta Hort., 820: 479-482.
Zheng, Q. and Ploetz, R. (2002). Genetic diversity in, and development of a PCR assay for identifying, the mango malformation pathogen. Plant Pathol., 51:208-216.
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Mango malformation: A fungal disease, physiological disorder or malady of stress. (2018). Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 10(1), 403-409. https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v10i1.1638
