Effect of different treatments of ethrel on ripening behaviour and post- harvest quality of mango (Mangiferaindica L.) during storage
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Abstract
An experiment was done to assess the effect of various post -harvest treatments of ethrel on ripening behaviour and post -harvest quality of mango cv. Amrapali (Mangiferaindica L.) during storage at Punjab Agricultural University, Regional Research Station, Gurdaspur during the years 2013-14 and 2014-15. The experiment was planned under completely randomized design (CRD) with three replications. The treatment units was six fruits per replication. Total five treatments and control were applied. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of various concentrations of ethrel (500 ppm, 750 ppm, 1000 ppm,1250 ppm, 1500 ppm and control ) on shelf life of mango fruits when stored under ambient conditions. The treated fruits were assessed for physiological changes fruit colour, flavour/aroma, organoleptic taste, marketability, ripening, specific gravity, moisture loss, decay, physiological loss in weight (PLW), total soluble solids (TSS), acidity and sugars. The observations were recorded at 5, 8 and 11 days after storage. At 11th day of storage these mangoes exhibited deep yellow fruit colour with excellent flavour, organoleptic taste and highly acceptable marketability at 1000 ppm ethrel treatment as compared to other ethrel doses. Fruit ripening (100%), specific gravity (0.84), TSS(23°Brix) and sugars(20.65%) were highest in the fruits treated with 1000ppm ethrel as compared to rest of treatments at 11th day of storage. Lowest moisture loss (8.5%), decay (1%), PLW(12.50%) and acidity(0.12%) were observed in the fruits treated with 1000ppm of ethrel as compared to rest of treatments at 11th day of storage. The beneficial effect of the present study is to overcome the problem of uneven and late ripening of Amrapali mango by postharvest treatment of ethrel at 1000 ppm at their mature green stage to develop typical fruit flavour with excellent fruit quality.
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Keywords
Ethrel, Mango, Post-harvest quality, Ripening behaviour, Storage
References
Abu-Goukh, A. A. and Bashir, H. A. (2003). Changes in pectic enzymes and cellulase activity during guava fruit ripening. Journal of Food Chemistry, 83(2): 213-218
Ali, A., Muhammad, M.T.M., Sijam, K. And Siddiqui, Y. (2011). Effect of Chitosan coatings on the physiochemical characteristics of Eksotika II Papaya(Carica papaya L.) fruit during cold storage. Food Chemistry, 124(2): 620-626
Amerine, M.A., Pangborn, R.M. and Rossessler, E.B. (1965). Principles of sensory evaluation of food. Acadamic Press inc., NewYork USA. pp.366-374
Anonymous .(2014). Indian Horticulture Data Base, National Horticulture Board (NHB), Gurgaon, Haryana (India).
Bashir, H. A. and Abu-Goukh, A.A. (2003). Compositional changes during guava fruit ripening. Journal of Food Chemistry .80(4): 213-218
Brackmann, A., Strief, J. and Bangerth, F. (1993). Relationship between reduced aroma production and lipid metabolism of apple during storage. Journal of American Society for Horticultural Science. 118(2) : 243-247
Brinston, K., Dey, P.M., John, M.A., Pridhan, J.B .(1988). Post-harvest changes in Mangifera indica mesocarp walls and cytoplasmic polysaccharides. Phytochemistry. 27:719–723
Chattopadhaya, T.K. and Mango, A.(1996). Text book on pomology, Kalyani Publishers, India. pp. 1- 37
Chen, P.M., Spotts, R.A. and Mellenthin, W.M . (1981). Stem end decay and quality of low oxygen stored d’ Anjou pears. Journal of American Society for Horticultural Science, 106(6): 695-698
Das S.C., Balamohan T.N., Auxcilia J. and Nalina L. (2011). Early and uniform ripening of mango cv. Alphonso with ethrel treatment. The Asian Journal of Horticulture, 6(1):185-90
Das, S.C. and Balamohan, T.N. (2013). Early and uniform ripening of mango with ethrel treatment cv. Sendura . The Asian Journal of Horticulture. 8(1) : 336-341
Dhemre, J.K. and Waskar, D.P. (2003).Effect of post-harvest treatments on shelf life and quality of Kesar mango fruit during storage. Journal of Maharastra Agricultural University, 23 :159-163
Dhillon, W.S. and Mahajan. B.V.C. (2011). Ethylene and ethephon induced fruit ripening in pear. Journal of Stored Products and Postharvest Research, 2(3): 45-51
El Rayes, D.A. (2000). Enhancement of colour development and fruit ripening of ‘Washington Navel’and ‘Amoon’oranges by ethrel pre-harvest application. Assiut Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 31(2): 71-87
Gomez, K.A. and Gomez.,A.K. (1984). Statistical Procedures for Agricultural Research. 2nd ed. John Wiley & Sons. New York. pp. 207-215
Gowda, I.N.D. and Huddar, A.G. (2001). Studies on ripening changes in mango (Mangifera indica L.) fruits. Journal of Food Science and Technology, 38(2): 135-137
Hiwale, S.S. and Singh, S.P.(2003). Prolonging shelf-life of guava. Indian Journal of Horticulture, 60(1): 1-9
Hoda, M.N., Yadav, G.S., Singh, S. and Singh, J. (2001). Storage behaviour of mango hybrids. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 71(7): 469-472
Holl,W.(1977). Fruit ripening. Plant Research and Development, 5:117-126
Kader, A. and Mitcham, B. (2008). Optimum Procedures for Ripening Mangoes. In: Fruit Ripening and Ethylene Management: 47-48. Univ. Calif. Postharvest Technology Research and Information Center Publication Series #9:http://postharvest.ucdavis.edu/Pubs/Pub_Desc_9.pdf.
Kittur, F.S., Saroja, N. and Tharanathan, R.N . (2001). Polysaccharide-based composite coating formulations for shelf-life extension of fresh banana and mango. European Food Research and Technology, 213(4-5): 306-311
Kulkarni, S.G., Kudachikar, V.B. and Keshava Prakash, M.N .(2011). Studies on physico-chemical changes during artificial ripening of banana (Musa sp) variety ‘Robusta’. Journal of Food Science and Technology. 48(6): 730-734
Kulkarni, S.G., Kudachikar, V.B., Vasanta, M.S., Prakash, M.N.K., Prasad, B.A. and Ramana, K.V.R . (2004). Studies on effect of ethrel dip treatment on ripening behaviour of mango variety Neelum. Mysore Journal of Food Science and Technology, 41:216-220
Kumar, A. and Dhawan, S. S .(1995). Effect of post-harvest treatments on the enhancement of ripening of mango (Mangifera indica L) fruit cv. Dashehari. Haryana Journal of Horticultural Sciences, 24(2): 109-115
Kumar, P. and Singh, S. (1993). Effect of GA3 and ethrel on ripening and quality of mango cv. Amrapali. The Horticulture Journal, 6(1):19-23.
Lalel, H.J.D., Singh, Z. and Tan, S.C.(2003). Maturity stage at harvest affects fruit ripening, quality and biosynthesis of aroma volatile compounds in ‘Kensington Pride’ mango. Journal of Horticultural Science and Biotechnology .78 (2): 225-233
Lelievre, J.M., Tichit, L., Dao, P., Fillion, L., Nam, Y.W., Pech, J.L. and Latche, A. (1997). Effects of chilling on the expression of ethylene biosynthetic gene in ‘Passe-crassane’ pears (Pyrus communis) fruits. Plant Molecular Biology. 33(5): 847-855
Leopold, A.C .(1964). Plant Growth and Development. Mc Graw Hill Publication.NewYork.
Madhvi, M., Srihari, D. and Dilip Babu, J. (2005). Effect of post–harvest ethrel treatment on ripening and quality of sapota cv. Pala fruits. Indian Journal of Horticulture, 62(2): 187-189
Mahajan, B.V.C., Tajender, K., Gill, M.I.S., Dhaliwal, H.S., Ghuman, B.S. and Chahil, B. S.(2010). Studies on optimization of ripening techniques for banana. Journal of Food Science and Technology, 47(3): 315-319
Mahajan, B.V.C., Singh, G., Dhatt, A.S .(2008). Studies on ripening behaviour and quality of winter guava with ethylene gas ethephon treatments. Journal of Food Science and Technology, 45:81-84
Martin Cabrejas, M.A., Waldran, K.W., Selvendaran, R.R., Parket, M.L. and Maotes, G.K.(1994). Ripening related changes in cell wall of ‘Spanish’ pear. Physiologia Plantarum, 91(4): 671-679
Mohamed, H. E. and Abu-Goukh, A. A. (2003). Effect of ethrel in aqueous solution and ethylene released from ethrel on mango fruit ripening. Journal of Horticultural Science and Biotechnology, 78(4): 568-573
Mohamed-Nour, I.A. and Abu-Goukh, A.B.A. (2010) . Effect of ethrel in aqueous solution and ethylene released from ethrel on guava fruit ripening. Agriculture and Biology Journal of North America, 1(3): 232-237
Montalvo, E., Garcia, H.S., Tovar, B. and Mata, M. (2007). Application of exogenous ethylene on postharvest ripening of refrigerated Ataulfo mangoes. Food Science and Technology, 40: 1466-1472
Pool, R.M., Weaver, R.J. and Kliever, W.M. (1972). The effect of growth regulators on change in fruits of Thompson seedless during cold storage. Journal of American Society for Horticultural Science, 97: 67-70
Ribereau Gayon, G. (1968). Etudedes mechanisms synthese at de transformation delacide mailique,de l’ acide tartique at de I’acide mailique,chaz Vitis vinifera L. Phytochemistry, 7:1471-1482
Reyes, M.U. and Paul, R.F. (1995). Effect of storage temperature and ethylene treatment on guava fruit ripening. Postharvest Biology and Technology, 6: 357
Ryall, A.L. and Pentzer, W.T. (1982). Handling, transportation and storage of fruits and vegetables. Vol. 2, AVI Publ Co, Westport, Connecticut, pp 1–40
Sharma, D.K., Singh, R.N. and Mazumdar, P.K.(1981). Fruit quality of mango cultivars. National Symposium on tropical and subtropical fruit crop, Bangalore. pp 4.
Siddiqui, M.W. and Dhua, R.S. (2009).Stanadization of ethrel treatment for inducing ripening of mango var. “Himsagar”. Proceeding of International Conference on Horticulture, November9-12, Begalore: 1641-1648
Singh, Z. and Janes, J .(2001). Effect of post-harvest application of ethephon on fruit ripening, quality and shelf–life of mango under modified atmosphere packaging. Acta Horticulturae, 533: 599-602
Singh, J.P. and Mandal, B.K.(2000). Role of wrapper and post–harvest application of CaNO3 on the storage behaviour of sub-tropical litchi cv. Manaraji. Journal of Applied Biology, 10(1): 37- 42
Singh, P., Kumar, S. and Maji, S. (2012). Effect of ethrel on post harvest changes in papaya(Carica papaya L.) fruits. Hort Flora Research Spectrum, 1(3): 225-230
Singh, P., Singh, M.K., Kumar, V., Kumar, M., Malik, S. (2012). Effect of physico-chemical treatments on ripening behaviour and post-harvest quality of Amrapali mango (Mangifera indica L.) during storage. Journal of Environmental Biology, 33: 227-232
Smith, R.B., Lougheed, E.C., Franklin, E.W., McMillan, I .(1979). The starch iodine test for determining stage of maturation in apples. Canadian Journal of Plant Science, 59(3):725–735
Souza, B.S., Durigan, J.F., Donadon, J.R. and Souza, P.S.(2006). Fresh mangos ripened naturally or induced by ethylene and stored in different packages. Revista-Brasileira-de-Fruticultura, 28(2): 271-275
Srinivasa, P.C., Baskaran, R., Ramesh, M.N., Prashanth, K.V.H. and Tharanathan, R.N .(2002). Storage studies of mango packed using bio-degradable chitosan film. European Food Research and Technology, 215(6): 504-508
Ulrich, R. (1970). In: Organic acids. A.C. Hulme (ed.), “The Biochemistry of fruits and their products”, Academic Press, London, 1, 89-118
Venkatasubbaiah, K., Jagadeesh, S.L., Thammaiah, N. and Chavan, M.L. (2013). Changes in physico-chemical and sensory characteristics of banana fruit cv. Grand Naine. Karnataka Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 26(1):111-114
Venkatesan,T. and Tamilmani,C.(2010).Effect of ethrel on softening of off-season fruits of mango ( Mangifera indica L. var. Neelum) during ripening. Current Botany, 1(1):29-33
Venkatesan, T. and Tamilmani, C.(2013). Effect of ethrel on the physiochemical changes of off-season fruits of mango (Mangifera indica L. var. Neelum) during ripening. International Journal of Agricultural and Food Science, 3(4): 171-175
Yang, SF.(1980). Regulation of ethylene biosynthesis. Hort Science, 15:238-243
Yashoda, H.M., Prabha, T.N. and Tharanathan, R.N . (2006). Mango ripening: changes in cell wall constituents in relation to textural softening. Journal of the Science Food and Agriculture, 86(5): 713-721
Ali, A., Muhammad, M.T.M., Sijam, K. And Siddiqui, Y. (2011). Effect of Chitosan coatings on the physiochemical characteristics of Eksotika II Papaya(Carica papaya L.) fruit during cold storage. Food Chemistry, 124(2): 620-626
Amerine, M.A., Pangborn, R.M. and Rossessler, E.B. (1965). Principles of sensory evaluation of food. Acadamic Press inc., NewYork USA. pp.366-374
Anonymous .(2014). Indian Horticulture Data Base, National Horticulture Board (NHB), Gurgaon, Haryana (India).
Bashir, H. A. and Abu-Goukh, A.A. (2003). Compositional changes during guava fruit ripening. Journal of Food Chemistry .80(4): 213-218
Brackmann, A., Strief, J. and Bangerth, F. (1993). Relationship between reduced aroma production and lipid metabolism of apple during storage. Journal of American Society for Horticultural Science. 118(2) : 243-247
Brinston, K., Dey, P.M., John, M.A., Pridhan, J.B .(1988). Post-harvest changes in Mangifera indica mesocarp walls and cytoplasmic polysaccharides. Phytochemistry. 27:719–723
Chattopadhaya, T.K. and Mango, A.(1996). Text book on pomology, Kalyani Publishers, India. pp. 1- 37
Chen, P.M., Spotts, R.A. and Mellenthin, W.M . (1981). Stem end decay and quality of low oxygen stored d’ Anjou pears. Journal of American Society for Horticultural Science, 106(6): 695-698
Das S.C., Balamohan T.N., Auxcilia J. and Nalina L. (2011). Early and uniform ripening of mango cv. Alphonso with ethrel treatment. The Asian Journal of Horticulture, 6(1):185-90
Das, S.C. and Balamohan, T.N. (2013). Early and uniform ripening of mango with ethrel treatment cv. Sendura . The Asian Journal of Horticulture. 8(1) : 336-341
Dhemre, J.K. and Waskar, D.P. (2003).Effect of post-harvest treatments on shelf life and quality of Kesar mango fruit during storage. Journal of Maharastra Agricultural University, 23 :159-163
Dhillon, W.S. and Mahajan. B.V.C. (2011). Ethylene and ethephon induced fruit ripening in pear. Journal of Stored Products and Postharvest Research, 2(3): 45-51
El Rayes, D.A. (2000). Enhancement of colour development and fruit ripening of ‘Washington Navel’and ‘Amoon’oranges by ethrel pre-harvest application. Assiut Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 31(2): 71-87
Gomez, K.A. and Gomez.,A.K. (1984). Statistical Procedures for Agricultural Research. 2nd ed. John Wiley & Sons. New York. pp. 207-215
Gowda, I.N.D. and Huddar, A.G. (2001). Studies on ripening changes in mango (Mangifera indica L.) fruits. Journal of Food Science and Technology, 38(2): 135-137
Hiwale, S.S. and Singh, S.P.(2003). Prolonging shelf-life of guava. Indian Journal of Horticulture, 60(1): 1-9
Hoda, M.N., Yadav, G.S., Singh, S. and Singh, J. (2001). Storage behaviour of mango hybrids. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 71(7): 469-472
Holl,W.(1977). Fruit ripening. Plant Research and Development, 5:117-126
Kader, A. and Mitcham, B. (2008). Optimum Procedures for Ripening Mangoes. In: Fruit Ripening and Ethylene Management: 47-48. Univ. Calif. Postharvest Technology Research and Information Center Publication Series #9:http://postharvest.ucdavis.edu/Pubs/Pub_Desc_9.pdf.
Kittur, F.S., Saroja, N. and Tharanathan, R.N . (2001). Polysaccharide-based composite coating formulations for shelf-life extension of fresh banana and mango. European Food Research and Technology, 213(4-5): 306-311
Kulkarni, S.G., Kudachikar, V.B. and Keshava Prakash, M.N .(2011). Studies on physico-chemical changes during artificial ripening of banana (Musa sp) variety ‘Robusta’. Journal of Food Science and Technology. 48(6): 730-734
Kulkarni, S.G., Kudachikar, V.B., Vasanta, M.S., Prakash, M.N.K., Prasad, B.A. and Ramana, K.V.R . (2004). Studies on effect of ethrel dip treatment on ripening behaviour of mango variety Neelum. Mysore Journal of Food Science and Technology, 41:216-220
Kumar, A. and Dhawan, S. S .(1995). Effect of post-harvest treatments on the enhancement of ripening of mango (Mangifera indica L) fruit cv. Dashehari. Haryana Journal of Horticultural Sciences, 24(2): 109-115
Kumar, P. and Singh, S. (1993). Effect of GA3 and ethrel on ripening and quality of mango cv. Amrapali. The Horticulture Journal, 6(1):19-23.
Lalel, H.J.D., Singh, Z. and Tan, S.C.(2003). Maturity stage at harvest affects fruit ripening, quality and biosynthesis of aroma volatile compounds in ‘Kensington Pride’ mango. Journal of Horticultural Science and Biotechnology .78 (2): 225-233
Lelievre, J.M., Tichit, L., Dao, P., Fillion, L., Nam, Y.W., Pech, J.L. and Latche, A. (1997). Effects of chilling on the expression of ethylene biosynthetic gene in ‘Passe-crassane’ pears (Pyrus communis) fruits. Plant Molecular Biology. 33(5): 847-855
Leopold, A.C .(1964). Plant Growth and Development. Mc Graw Hill Publication.NewYork.
Madhvi, M., Srihari, D. and Dilip Babu, J. (2005). Effect of post–harvest ethrel treatment on ripening and quality of sapota cv. Pala fruits. Indian Journal of Horticulture, 62(2): 187-189
Mahajan, B.V.C., Tajender, K., Gill, M.I.S., Dhaliwal, H.S., Ghuman, B.S. and Chahil, B. S.(2010). Studies on optimization of ripening techniques for banana. Journal of Food Science and Technology, 47(3): 315-319
Mahajan, B.V.C., Singh, G., Dhatt, A.S .(2008). Studies on ripening behaviour and quality of winter guava with ethylene gas ethephon treatments. Journal of Food Science and Technology, 45:81-84
Martin Cabrejas, M.A., Waldran, K.W., Selvendaran, R.R., Parket, M.L. and Maotes, G.K.(1994). Ripening related changes in cell wall of ‘Spanish’ pear. Physiologia Plantarum, 91(4): 671-679
Mohamed, H. E. and Abu-Goukh, A. A. (2003). Effect of ethrel in aqueous solution and ethylene released from ethrel on mango fruit ripening. Journal of Horticultural Science and Biotechnology, 78(4): 568-573
Mohamed-Nour, I.A. and Abu-Goukh, A.B.A. (2010) . Effect of ethrel in aqueous solution and ethylene released from ethrel on guava fruit ripening. Agriculture and Biology Journal of North America, 1(3): 232-237
Montalvo, E., Garcia, H.S., Tovar, B. and Mata, M. (2007). Application of exogenous ethylene on postharvest ripening of refrigerated Ataulfo mangoes. Food Science and Technology, 40: 1466-1472
Pool, R.M., Weaver, R.J. and Kliever, W.M. (1972). The effect of growth regulators on change in fruits of Thompson seedless during cold storage. Journal of American Society for Horticultural Science, 97: 67-70
Ribereau Gayon, G. (1968). Etudedes mechanisms synthese at de transformation delacide mailique,de l’ acide tartique at de I’acide mailique,chaz Vitis vinifera L. Phytochemistry, 7:1471-1482
Reyes, M.U. and Paul, R.F. (1995). Effect of storage temperature and ethylene treatment on guava fruit ripening. Postharvest Biology and Technology, 6: 357
Ryall, A.L. and Pentzer, W.T. (1982). Handling, transportation and storage of fruits and vegetables. Vol. 2, AVI Publ Co, Westport, Connecticut, pp 1–40
Sharma, D.K., Singh, R.N. and Mazumdar, P.K.(1981). Fruit quality of mango cultivars. National Symposium on tropical and subtropical fruit crop, Bangalore. pp 4.
Siddiqui, M.W. and Dhua, R.S. (2009).Stanadization of ethrel treatment for inducing ripening of mango var. “Himsagar”. Proceeding of International Conference on Horticulture, November9-12, Begalore: 1641-1648
Singh, Z. and Janes, J .(2001). Effect of post-harvest application of ethephon on fruit ripening, quality and shelf–life of mango under modified atmosphere packaging. Acta Horticulturae, 533: 599-602
Singh, J.P. and Mandal, B.K.(2000). Role of wrapper and post–harvest application of CaNO3 on the storage behaviour of sub-tropical litchi cv. Manaraji. Journal of Applied Biology, 10(1): 37- 42
Singh, P., Kumar, S. and Maji, S. (2012). Effect of ethrel on post harvest changes in papaya(Carica papaya L.) fruits. Hort Flora Research Spectrum, 1(3): 225-230
Singh, P., Singh, M.K., Kumar, V., Kumar, M., Malik, S. (2012). Effect of physico-chemical treatments on ripening behaviour and post-harvest quality of Amrapali mango (Mangifera indica L.) during storage. Journal of Environmental Biology, 33: 227-232
Smith, R.B., Lougheed, E.C., Franklin, E.W., McMillan, I .(1979). The starch iodine test for determining stage of maturation in apples. Canadian Journal of Plant Science, 59(3):725–735
Souza, B.S., Durigan, J.F., Donadon, J.R. and Souza, P.S.(2006). Fresh mangos ripened naturally or induced by ethylene and stored in different packages. Revista-Brasileira-de-Fruticultura, 28(2): 271-275
Srinivasa, P.C., Baskaran, R., Ramesh, M.N., Prashanth, K.V.H. and Tharanathan, R.N .(2002). Storage studies of mango packed using bio-degradable chitosan film. European Food Research and Technology, 215(6): 504-508
Ulrich, R. (1970). In: Organic acids. A.C. Hulme (ed.), “The Biochemistry of fruits and their products”, Academic Press, London, 1, 89-118
Venkatasubbaiah, K., Jagadeesh, S.L., Thammaiah, N. and Chavan, M.L. (2013). Changes in physico-chemical and sensory characteristics of banana fruit cv. Grand Naine. Karnataka Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 26(1):111-114
Venkatesan,T. and Tamilmani,C.(2010).Effect of ethrel on softening of off-season fruits of mango ( Mangifera indica L. var. Neelum) during ripening. Current Botany, 1(1):29-33
Venkatesan, T. and Tamilmani, C.(2013). Effect of ethrel on the physiochemical changes of off-season fruits of mango (Mangifera indica L. var. Neelum) during ripening. International Journal of Agricultural and Food Science, 3(4): 171-175
Yang, SF.(1980). Regulation of ethylene biosynthesis. Hort Science, 15:238-243
Yashoda, H.M., Prabha, T.N. and Tharanathan, R.N . (2006). Mango ripening: changes in cell wall constituents in relation to textural softening. Journal of the Science Food and Agriculture, 86(5): 713-721
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Effect of different treatments of ethrel on ripening behaviour and post- harvest quality of mango (Mangiferaindica L.) during storage. (2017). Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 9(1), 85-93. https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v9i1.1155
