Effect of foliar spray of elicitors on status of defense proteins in relation to mustard aphid infestation in crop Brassica cultivars
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Abstract
Mustard aphid, Lipaphis erysimi Kalt., is the key insect pest of crop Brassicas causing significant reduction in crop yield. In the present study, widely grown Brassica cultivars RLC-1 (Brassica juncea) and GSC-6 (Brassica napus) were treated with elicitors salicylic acid (SA) and jasmonic acid (JA) at 0.5mM and 1mM concentration via foliar spray (given at 40 and 60 days after planting (DAP). Their effect was evaluated in terms of total soluble protein content and activities of defense proteins (peroxidase, protease inhibitor, polyphenol oxidase, amylase inhibitor and lectins) in relation to aphid infestation in leaf tissue. SA and JA application caused significant increase in activities of defense proteins as well as total soluble proteins. JA at 1mM concentration was most effective in both Brassica cultivars. The 2nd foliar spray gave a booster response. The aphid population/plant reduced significantly in both the cultivars with JA as well as SA. POD and PPO registered negative correlation with aphid population count. SA and JA foliar applications seemed effective against mustard aphid through positive modulation in activities of defense proteins.
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Keywords
Brassica, Defense proteins, Jasmonic acid, Lipaphis erysimi, Salicylic acid
References
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Alkahtani, M., Omer, S.A., El-Naggar, M.A., Eman, M.A. and Mahmoud, M.A. (2011). Pathogenesis- related pro-tein and phytoalexin induction against cucumber pow-dery mildew by elicitors. Int. J. Plant Pathol., 2: 63-71
Atri, N.S., Kaur, M. and Kaur, A. (2012). Taxonomic studies on some coprophilous species of Conocybe from India. Mushroom Res., 21(2): 103–109
Benjakul, S., Karoon, S. and Suwanno, A. (1999). Inhibitory effect of legume extracts on fish proteinases. J. Sci Food Agric., 79: 1875-1881
Bergen, K.M. (2008). The effects of bacterial and jasmonic acid treatments on insects of canola. M.Sc. thesis, Uni-versity of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB.
Bernfeld, P. (1955). Amylases ? and ?. In: Colowick, S.P. and Kaplan, N.O. (ed), Methods in Enzymology, Pp 149-58 Academic Press, New York
Bhonwong, A., Stout, M.J., Attajarusit, J. and Tantasawat, P. (2009). Defensive role of tomato polyphenol oxidases against cotton bollworm (Helicoverpa armigera) and beet armyworm (Spodoptera exigua). J. Chem. Ecol., 35: 28-38
Bilgin, D.D., Zavala, J.A., Zhu, J., Clough, S.J., Ort, D.R. and De Lucia, E.H. (2010). Biotic stress globally down regulates photosynthesis genes. Plant Cell Environ., 33: 1597-1613
Boughton, A.J., Hoover, K. and Felton, G.W. (2006). Impact of chemical elicitor applications on greenhouse tomato plants and population growth of the green peach aphid, Myzus persicae. Entomol. Exp Appl., 120(3): 175-188
Brunissen, L., Vincent, C., Le Roux, V. and Giordanengo, P. (2009). Effects of systemic potato response to wounding and jasmonate on the aphid Macrosiphum euphorbiae (Sternorryncha: Aphididae). J. App. Entomol, 134: 562-571
Chen, Y., Ni, X. and Buntin, G.D. (2009). Physiological, nutri-tional, and biochemical bases of corn resistance to foliage-feeding fall armyworm. J. Chem. Ecol. 35: 297-306
Claiborne, A. and Fridovich, I. (1979). Purification of the o-dianisidine peroxidase from Escherichia coli B. Physi-cochemical characterization and analysis of its dual catalatic and peroxidatic activities. J. Biol. Chem., 254(10): 4245-4252
Coppola, V., Copploa, M., Rocco, M., Digilio, M.C., D’Am-brosio, C., Renzone, G., Martinelli, R., Scaloni, A., Pennacchio, F., Rao, R. and Corrado, G. (2013). Tran-scriptomic and proteomic analysis of a compati-ble tomato-aphid interaction reveals a predomi-nant salicylic acid-dependent plant response. BMC Genomics, 14: 515-532
Deeksha, (2013). Purification, characterizationand efficacy of crop Brassica lectins against mustard aphid (Lipaphis erysimi Kalt.). M.Sc. thesis, Punjab Agricultural Uni-versity, Ludhiana, India.
Dogimont, C., Bendahmane, A., Chovelon, V. and Boissot, N. (2010). Host plant resistance to aphids in cultivated crops: genetic and molecular bases, and interactions with aphid populations. C. R. Biologies, 333: 566–573
Duan, C., Yu, J., Bai, J., Zhu, Z. and Wang, X. (2014). In-duced defense responses in rice plants against small brown planthopper infestation. The Crop. J., 2: 55–62
El-latif, A.O.A. (2015). Protease purification and characteri-zation of a serine protease inhibitor from Egyptian vari-eties of soybean seeds and its efficacy against Spodop-tera littoralis. J. Plant Protec Res., 55(1): 16-25
Farias, L.R., Costa, F.T., Souza, L.A., Pelegrini, P.B., Grossi-De-Sa, M.F., Ne to, S.M., Bloch Jr., C., Lauman, R.A., Noronha, E.F. and Franco O.L. (2007). Isolation of a novel Carcia papaya ?-amylase inhibitor with deleteri-ous activity toward Callosobruchus maculatus. Pest Biochem Physiol, 87(3): 255-260
Gao, L. and Zhang, Y. (2013). Effect of salicylic acid on pear leaf induced resistance to Pear ring rot. Appl. Sci. J., 22(11): 1534-1539
Gordy, J.W., Leonard, B.R., Blouin, D, Davis, J.A. and Stout, M.J. (2015). Comparative effectiveness of poten-tial elicitors of plant resistance against Spodoptera fru-giperda (J.E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in four crop. plants, Plos One. 10(9):m e0136689. doi:10.1371/journal. pone. 0136689
Haggag, W.M., Mahmoud, Y.S. and Farag, E.M. (2010). Signaling necessities and function of polyamines/jasmonate-dependent induced resistance in sugar beet against beet mosaic virus (Bt MV) infection. New York Sci. J., 3: 95-103
He, J., Chen, F., Chen, S., Lv, G., Deng, Y. and Fang, W. (2011). Chrysanthemum leaf epidermal surface morpholo-gy and antioxidant and defense enzyme activity in re-sponse to aphid infestation. J. Plant Physiol., 168: 687-693
Hussein, N.M., Hussein, M.I., Gadel Hak, S.H., Hammad, M.A. and Shaalan, H.S. (2014). Efficacy of exogenous elicitors against Tuta absoluta on tomato. Nat. Sci., 12(4): 120-128
Jiang, J.F., Han, Y., Xing, L.J., Xu, Y.Y., Xu, Z.H. and Chong, K. (2006). Cloning and expression of a novel cDNA encoding a mannose-specific jacalin-related lectin from Oryza sativa. Toxicol., 47: 133-139
Kaur, R., Gupta, A.K. and Taggar, G.K. (2015). Characteriza-tion and inhibition studies of Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) gut ?-amylase. Pest Manage. Sci., 71: 1228-1237
Kehr, J. (2006). Phloem sap proteins: their identities and potential roles in the interaction between plants and phloem-feeding insects. J. Exp. Bot., 57: 767–774
Koramutla, M.K., Kaur, A., Negi, M., Venkatachalam, P. and Bhattacharya, R. (2014). Elicitation of jasmonate-mediated host defense in Brassica juncea (L.) attenuates population growth of mustard aphid Lipaphis erysimi (Kalt.). Planta., 240(1):177-194
Lannoo, N., Vandenborre, G., Miersch, O., Smagghe, G., Wasternack, C., Peumans, W.J. and Van Damme, E.J.M. (2007). The jasmonate induced expression of the Nicotiana tabacum leaf lectin. Plant Cell Physiol., 48: 1207-1218
Liener, I.E. and Hill, E.G. (1953). The effect of heat treat-ment on the nutritive value and hemagglutinating activi-ty of soyabean oil meal. J Nutr., 49: 609-620
Lowry, O.H., Rosebrough, N.J., Farr, A.L. and Randal, R.J. (1951). Protein measurement with folin phenol reagent. J. Biol. Chem., 198: 265-275
Mahmoud, F.M. and Mahfouz, H.M. (2015). Effects of sali-cylic acid elicitor against aphids on wheat and detection of infestation using infrared thermal imaging technique in Ismailia, Egypt. Pestic Phytomed, 30(2): 91–97
Mayer, A.M. and Harel, E. (1979). Polyphenol oxidases in plant. Phytochem., 18:193-215
Noreen, Z. and Ashraf, M. (2009). Change in antioxidant enzymes and some key metabolites in some genetically diverse cultivars of radish (Raphanus sativus L.). Envi-ron. Exp Bot., 67: 395-402
Pokhare, S., Pankaj, and Ganguly, A.K. (2010). Effect of foliar application of synthetic elicitor molecules on wheat (Triticum aestivum) against the cereal cyst nema-tode, Heterodera avenae. Ind. J. Nematol., 40: 221-225
Pokhare, S., Pankaj, Shakil, N.A., Kumar, J. and Singh, K. (2012). Foliar application of chemical elicitors induces biochemical changes in wheat against the cereal cyst nematode, Heterodera avenae. Nematol medit, 40: 181-187
Radhakrishnan, N. and Balasubramanian, R. (2009). Salicyl-ic acid induced defense responses in Curcuma longa (L.) against Pythium aphanidermatum infection. Crop Prot, 28: 974-979
Rajjou, L., Belghazi, M., Huguet, R., Robin, C., Moreau, A. and Job, C. (2006). Proteomic investigation of the effect of salicylic acid on Arabidopsis seed germination and establishment of early defense mechanisms. Plant Phys-iol., 141: 910-923
Ritu Raj, Sekhon, P.S., Sangha, M.K. and Pathak, D. (2014). Effect of different doses of jasmonic acid against cotton leaf curl disease: Induced protein and latent carry over. Pl. Dis Res., 29(2): 201-208
Ritu Raj, Sekhon, P.S. and Sangha, M.K. (2016). Protection against cotton leaf curl disease by jasmonic acid in-duced proteins. Cotton Res. Dev., 30(1): 84-89
Shahidi-Noghabi, S., Van Damme, E.J.M. and Smagghe, G. (2009). Expression of Sambucus nigra agglutinin (SNA-I0) from elderberry bark in transgenic tobacco plants results in enhanced resistance to different insect species. Transgenic Res., 18: 249-259
Sharma, S.K., Punam, Saini, J.P. and Chadha, S. (2014). Management of aphid pests by using organic inputs in organically grown crops. IJASVM, 2(1): 2320-3730
Shekhawat, K., Rathore, S.S., Premi, O.P., Kandpal, B.K. and Chauhan, J.S. (2012). Advances in agronomic man-agement of Indian mustard (Brassica juncea (L.) Czernj. Cosson): An Overview. Int. J. Agron., 408284: doi:10.1155/2012/408284
Tammi, J. and Dolatti, L. (2013). Effect of exogenous appli-cation of methyl jasmonate on barley resistance to the Russian wheat aphid, diuraphis noxia (Hemiptera: aphididae). The second international conference on agriculture and natural resouces. Razi University, Ker-manshah, Iran
Tan, C.W., Chiang, S.Y., Ravuiwasa, K.T., Yadav, J. and Hwang, S.Y. (2012). Jasmonate-induced defenses in tomato against Helicoverpa armigera depend in part on nutrient availability, but artificial induction via methyl jasmonate does not. Arthropod Plant Interact, 6(4): 531-541
Tang F, Fu Y.Y. and Ye J.R. (2015). The effect of methyl salicylate on the induction of direct and indirect plant defense mechanisms in poplar (Populus × euramericana ‘Nanlin 895’). J. Plant Int., 10(1): 93–100
Tanou, G., Filippou, P., Belghazi, M., Job, D. and Diamanti-dis, G. (2012). Oxidative and nitrosative-based signal-ing and associated post-translational modifications or-chestrate the acclimation of citrus plants to salinity stress. Plant J., 72: 585-599
Thakur, M. and Sohal, B.S. (2014). Effect of elicitors on physiomorphological and biochemical parameters of Indian mustard (Brassica juncea) and rapeseed (B. na-pus). JANS, 6(1): 41-46
Usha Rani, P. and Jyothsna, Y. (2010). Biochemical and enzymatic changes in rice as a mechanism of defense. Acta. Physiol. Plant, 32: 695-701
Vandenborre, G., Miersch, O., Hause, B., Smagghe, G., Wasternack, C. and Van Damme, E.J.M. (2009). Spodoptera littoralis induced lectin expression in tobac-co. Plant Cell Physiol, 50: 1142-1155
Van Holle, S. and Van Damme, E.J.M. (2015). Distribution and evolution of the lectin family in soybean (Glycine max). Molecules, 20: 2868-2891
Vicent, M.R.S. and Plasencia, J. (2011). Salicylic acid be-yond defence: its role in plant growth and development. J. Exp Bot, 62: 3321-3338
Wang, K., Weaver, N.D., Kesarwani, M. and Dong, X. (2005). Induction of protein secretory pathway is re-quired for systemic acquired resistance. Sci, 308: 1036-1040
War, A.R., Paulraj, M.G., Ahmad, T., Buhroo, A.A., Hussain, B., Ignacimuthu, S. and Sharma, H.C. (2012). Mechanisms of plant defense against insect herbivores. Plant Signal Behav, 7(10):1306-1320
War, A.R., Paulraj, M.G., War, M.Y. and Ignacimuthu, S. (2011a). Jasmonic acid- mediated induced resistance in groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) against Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). J. Plant Growth Regul., 30: 512-523
War, A.R., Paulraj, M.G., War, M.Y. and Ignacimuthu, S. (2011b). Role of salicylic acid in induction of plant defense system in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.). Plant Signal Behav., 6: 1787-1792
Zarate, S.I., Kempema, L.A. and Walling, L.L. (2007). Sil-verleaf whitefly induces salicylic acid defenses and suppresses effectual jasmonic acid defenses. Plant Physiol., 143: 866-875
Zhao, L.Y., Chen, J.L., Cheng, D.F., Sun, J.R., Liu, Y. and Tian, Z. (2009). Biochemical and molecular characteri-zation of Sitobion avenae-induced wheat defense re-sponse. Crop. Prot., 28: 435-442
Alkahtani, M., Omer, S.A., El-Naggar, M.A., Eman, M.A. and Mahmoud, M.A. (2011). Pathogenesis- related pro-tein and phytoalexin induction against cucumber pow-dery mildew by elicitors. Int. J. Plant Pathol., 2: 63-71
Atri, N.S., Kaur, M. and Kaur, A. (2012). Taxonomic studies on some coprophilous species of Conocybe from India. Mushroom Res., 21(2): 103–109
Benjakul, S., Karoon, S. and Suwanno, A. (1999). Inhibitory effect of legume extracts on fish proteinases. J. Sci Food Agric., 79: 1875-1881
Bergen, K.M. (2008). The effects of bacterial and jasmonic acid treatments on insects of canola. M.Sc. thesis, Uni-versity of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB.
Bernfeld, P. (1955). Amylases ? and ?. In: Colowick, S.P. and Kaplan, N.O. (ed), Methods in Enzymology, Pp 149-58 Academic Press, New York
Bhonwong, A., Stout, M.J., Attajarusit, J. and Tantasawat, P. (2009). Defensive role of tomato polyphenol oxidases against cotton bollworm (Helicoverpa armigera) and beet armyworm (Spodoptera exigua). J. Chem. Ecol., 35: 28-38
Bilgin, D.D., Zavala, J.A., Zhu, J., Clough, S.J., Ort, D.R. and De Lucia, E.H. (2010). Biotic stress globally down regulates photosynthesis genes. Plant Cell Environ., 33: 1597-1613
Boughton, A.J., Hoover, K. and Felton, G.W. (2006). Impact of chemical elicitor applications on greenhouse tomato plants and population growth of the green peach aphid, Myzus persicae. Entomol. Exp Appl., 120(3): 175-188
Brunissen, L., Vincent, C., Le Roux, V. and Giordanengo, P. (2009). Effects of systemic potato response to wounding and jasmonate on the aphid Macrosiphum euphorbiae (Sternorryncha: Aphididae). J. App. Entomol, 134: 562-571
Chen, Y., Ni, X. and Buntin, G.D. (2009). Physiological, nutri-tional, and biochemical bases of corn resistance to foliage-feeding fall armyworm. J. Chem. Ecol. 35: 297-306
Claiborne, A. and Fridovich, I. (1979). Purification of the o-dianisidine peroxidase from Escherichia coli B. Physi-cochemical characterization and analysis of its dual catalatic and peroxidatic activities. J. Biol. Chem., 254(10): 4245-4252
Coppola, V., Copploa, M., Rocco, M., Digilio, M.C., D’Am-brosio, C., Renzone, G., Martinelli, R., Scaloni, A., Pennacchio, F., Rao, R. and Corrado, G. (2013). Tran-scriptomic and proteomic analysis of a compati-ble tomato-aphid interaction reveals a predomi-nant salicylic acid-dependent plant response. BMC Genomics, 14: 515-532
Deeksha, (2013). Purification, characterizationand efficacy of crop Brassica lectins against mustard aphid (Lipaphis erysimi Kalt.). M.Sc. thesis, Punjab Agricultural Uni-versity, Ludhiana, India.
Dogimont, C., Bendahmane, A., Chovelon, V. and Boissot, N. (2010). Host plant resistance to aphids in cultivated crops: genetic and molecular bases, and interactions with aphid populations. C. R. Biologies, 333: 566–573
Duan, C., Yu, J., Bai, J., Zhu, Z. and Wang, X. (2014). In-duced defense responses in rice plants against small brown planthopper infestation. The Crop. J., 2: 55–62
El-latif, A.O.A. (2015). Protease purification and characteri-zation of a serine protease inhibitor from Egyptian vari-eties of soybean seeds and its efficacy against Spodop-tera littoralis. J. Plant Protec Res., 55(1): 16-25
Farias, L.R., Costa, F.T., Souza, L.A., Pelegrini, P.B., Grossi-De-Sa, M.F., Ne to, S.M., Bloch Jr., C., Lauman, R.A., Noronha, E.F. and Franco O.L. (2007). Isolation of a novel Carcia papaya ?-amylase inhibitor with deleteri-ous activity toward Callosobruchus maculatus. Pest Biochem Physiol, 87(3): 255-260
Gao, L. and Zhang, Y. (2013). Effect of salicylic acid on pear leaf induced resistance to Pear ring rot. Appl. Sci. J., 22(11): 1534-1539
Gordy, J.W., Leonard, B.R., Blouin, D, Davis, J.A. and Stout, M.J. (2015). Comparative effectiveness of poten-tial elicitors of plant resistance against Spodoptera fru-giperda (J.E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in four crop. plants, Plos One. 10(9):m e0136689. doi:10.1371/journal. pone. 0136689
Haggag, W.M., Mahmoud, Y.S. and Farag, E.M. (2010). Signaling necessities and function of polyamines/jasmonate-dependent induced resistance in sugar beet against beet mosaic virus (Bt MV) infection. New York Sci. J., 3: 95-103
He, J., Chen, F., Chen, S., Lv, G., Deng, Y. and Fang, W. (2011). Chrysanthemum leaf epidermal surface morpholo-gy and antioxidant and defense enzyme activity in re-sponse to aphid infestation. J. Plant Physiol., 168: 687-693
Hussein, N.M., Hussein, M.I., Gadel Hak, S.H., Hammad, M.A. and Shaalan, H.S. (2014). Efficacy of exogenous elicitors against Tuta absoluta on tomato. Nat. Sci., 12(4): 120-128
Jiang, J.F., Han, Y., Xing, L.J., Xu, Y.Y., Xu, Z.H. and Chong, K. (2006). Cloning and expression of a novel cDNA encoding a mannose-specific jacalin-related lectin from Oryza sativa. Toxicol., 47: 133-139
Kaur, R., Gupta, A.K. and Taggar, G.K. (2015). Characteriza-tion and inhibition studies of Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) gut ?-amylase. Pest Manage. Sci., 71: 1228-1237
Kehr, J. (2006). Phloem sap proteins: their identities and potential roles in the interaction between plants and phloem-feeding insects. J. Exp. Bot., 57: 767–774
Koramutla, M.K., Kaur, A., Negi, M., Venkatachalam, P. and Bhattacharya, R. (2014). Elicitation of jasmonate-mediated host defense in Brassica juncea (L.) attenuates population growth of mustard aphid Lipaphis erysimi (Kalt.). Planta., 240(1):177-194
Lannoo, N., Vandenborre, G., Miersch, O., Smagghe, G., Wasternack, C., Peumans, W.J. and Van Damme, E.J.M. (2007). The jasmonate induced expression of the Nicotiana tabacum leaf lectin. Plant Cell Physiol., 48: 1207-1218
Liener, I.E. and Hill, E.G. (1953). The effect of heat treat-ment on the nutritive value and hemagglutinating activi-ty of soyabean oil meal. J Nutr., 49: 609-620
Lowry, O.H., Rosebrough, N.J., Farr, A.L. and Randal, R.J. (1951). Protein measurement with folin phenol reagent. J. Biol. Chem., 198: 265-275
Mahmoud, F.M. and Mahfouz, H.M. (2015). Effects of sali-cylic acid elicitor against aphids on wheat and detection of infestation using infrared thermal imaging technique in Ismailia, Egypt. Pestic Phytomed, 30(2): 91–97
Mayer, A.M. and Harel, E. (1979). Polyphenol oxidases in plant. Phytochem., 18:193-215
Noreen, Z. and Ashraf, M. (2009). Change in antioxidant enzymes and some key metabolites in some genetically diverse cultivars of radish (Raphanus sativus L.). Envi-ron. Exp Bot., 67: 395-402
Pokhare, S., Pankaj, and Ganguly, A.K. (2010). Effect of foliar application of synthetic elicitor molecules on wheat (Triticum aestivum) against the cereal cyst nema-tode, Heterodera avenae. Ind. J. Nematol., 40: 221-225
Pokhare, S., Pankaj, Shakil, N.A., Kumar, J. and Singh, K. (2012). Foliar application of chemical elicitors induces biochemical changes in wheat against the cereal cyst nematode, Heterodera avenae. Nematol medit, 40: 181-187
Radhakrishnan, N. and Balasubramanian, R. (2009). Salicyl-ic acid induced defense responses in Curcuma longa (L.) against Pythium aphanidermatum infection. Crop Prot, 28: 974-979
Rajjou, L., Belghazi, M., Huguet, R., Robin, C., Moreau, A. and Job, C. (2006). Proteomic investigation of the effect of salicylic acid on Arabidopsis seed germination and establishment of early defense mechanisms. Plant Phys-iol., 141: 910-923
Ritu Raj, Sekhon, P.S., Sangha, M.K. and Pathak, D. (2014). Effect of different doses of jasmonic acid against cotton leaf curl disease: Induced protein and latent carry over. Pl. Dis Res., 29(2): 201-208
Ritu Raj, Sekhon, P.S. and Sangha, M.K. (2016). Protection against cotton leaf curl disease by jasmonic acid in-duced proteins. Cotton Res. Dev., 30(1): 84-89
Shahidi-Noghabi, S., Van Damme, E.J.M. and Smagghe, G. (2009). Expression of Sambucus nigra agglutinin (SNA-I0) from elderberry bark in transgenic tobacco plants results in enhanced resistance to different insect species. Transgenic Res., 18: 249-259
Sharma, S.K., Punam, Saini, J.P. and Chadha, S. (2014). Management of aphid pests by using organic inputs in organically grown crops. IJASVM, 2(1): 2320-3730
Shekhawat, K., Rathore, S.S., Premi, O.P., Kandpal, B.K. and Chauhan, J.S. (2012). Advances in agronomic man-agement of Indian mustard (Brassica juncea (L.) Czernj. Cosson): An Overview. Int. J. Agron., 408284: doi:10.1155/2012/408284
Tammi, J. and Dolatti, L. (2013). Effect of exogenous appli-cation of methyl jasmonate on barley resistance to the Russian wheat aphid, diuraphis noxia (Hemiptera: aphididae). The second international conference on agriculture and natural resouces. Razi University, Ker-manshah, Iran
Tan, C.W., Chiang, S.Y., Ravuiwasa, K.T., Yadav, J. and Hwang, S.Y. (2012). Jasmonate-induced defenses in tomato against Helicoverpa armigera depend in part on nutrient availability, but artificial induction via methyl jasmonate does not. Arthropod Plant Interact, 6(4): 531-541
Tang F, Fu Y.Y. and Ye J.R. (2015). The effect of methyl salicylate on the induction of direct and indirect plant defense mechanisms in poplar (Populus × euramericana ‘Nanlin 895’). J. Plant Int., 10(1): 93–100
Tanou, G., Filippou, P., Belghazi, M., Job, D. and Diamanti-dis, G. (2012). Oxidative and nitrosative-based signal-ing and associated post-translational modifications or-chestrate the acclimation of citrus plants to salinity stress. Plant J., 72: 585-599
Thakur, M. and Sohal, B.S. (2014). Effect of elicitors on physiomorphological and biochemical parameters of Indian mustard (Brassica juncea) and rapeseed (B. na-pus). JANS, 6(1): 41-46
Usha Rani, P. and Jyothsna, Y. (2010). Biochemical and enzymatic changes in rice as a mechanism of defense. Acta. Physiol. Plant, 32: 695-701
Vandenborre, G., Miersch, O., Hause, B., Smagghe, G., Wasternack, C. and Van Damme, E.J.M. (2009). Spodoptera littoralis induced lectin expression in tobac-co. Plant Cell Physiol, 50: 1142-1155
Van Holle, S. and Van Damme, E.J.M. (2015). Distribution and evolution of the lectin family in soybean (Glycine max). Molecules, 20: 2868-2891
Vicent, M.R.S. and Plasencia, J. (2011). Salicylic acid be-yond defence: its role in plant growth and development. J. Exp Bot, 62: 3321-3338
Wang, K., Weaver, N.D., Kesarwani, M. and Dong, X. (2005). Induction of protein secretory pathway is re-quired for systemic acquired resistance. Sci, 308: 1036-1040
War, A.R., Paulraj, M.G., Ahmad, T., Buhroo, A.A., Hussain, B., Ignacimuthu, S. and Sharma, H.C. (2012). Mechanisms of plant defense against insect herbivores. Plant Signal Behav, 7(10):1306-1320
War, A.R., Paulraj, M.G., War, M.Y. and Ignacimuthu, S. (2011a). Jasmonic acid- mediated induced resistance in groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) against Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). J. Plant Growth Regul., 30: 512-523
War, A.R., Paulraj, M.G., War, M.Y. and Ignacimuthu, S. (2011b). Role of salicylic acid in induction of plant defense system in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.). Plant Signal Behav., 6: 1787-1792
Zarate, S.I., Kempema, L.A. and Walling, L.L. (2007). Sil-verleaf whitefly induces salicylic acid defenses and suppresses effectual jasmonic acid defenses. Plant Physiol., 143: 866-875
Zhao, L.Y., Chen, J.L., Cheng, D.F., Sun, J.R., Liu, Y. and Tian, Z. (2009). Biochemical and molecular characteri-zation of Sitobion avenae-induced wheat defense re-sponse. Crop. Prot., 28: 435-442
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Effect of foliar spray of elicitors on status of defense proteins in relation to mustard aphid infestation in crop Brassica cultivars. (2016). Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 8(4), 2242-2248. https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v8i4.1119
