Rarity of Ceropegia bulbosa Roxb. var. lushii and protocol for its ex-situ conservation in the Indian desert
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Abstract
Over expolitation of tubers of Ceropegia bulbosa var. lushii which is a narrow endemic in the Indian Desert has drastically declined its populations and made it threatened. This was confirmed by its absence at its previously reported sites in Barmer, Jodhpur, Jalore, Jhunjhunun and Jaisalmer. Its occurance in Jhalawar, a previously reported site and at another unreported site at Jalore with density of only 4-12 plants/ha confirmed that it has become rarer. Reasons for declining populations in terms of density and occurrence of C. bulbosa var. lushii due to both extrinsic and intrinsic factors (= threats) have been investigated in this paper. Extrinsic factors include overexploitation of tubers, habitat loss and fragmentation due to mining. Six tubers brought from its native sites regenerated successfully at Desert Botanical Garden , CAZRI, Jodhpur. Intrinsic threats were experimentally assessed by studying its life cycle for three years. Seeds produced by these plants under captivity showed 30-35% germination. Germination, phenology and growth of plants both, from seeds for one year and tubers for three years revealed many sensitive, risk prone stages which indicated potential threat to its regeneration in its native places. These included failure to seed set due to lack of pollinator, falling of immature follicles, exposure of seeds to open sun, sapling damage by wild animals and digging out of perenating tubers by wild ungulates and human being. Both extrinsic and intrinsic factors are responsible for its rarity in the wild. It emerged that for success in its ex-situ conservation, mature seeds, availability of partial shade and safety from wild animals are essential requirements.
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Keywords
Ceropegia bulbosa var. lushii, ex-situ conservation, Phenology, Population density, Rarity, Threats
References
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Castro-Diez, P. and Montserrat-Marti, G. (1998). Phenologi-cal pattern of fifteen mediterranean phanerophytes from Quercus Ilex communities of NE- Spain. Plant Ecology, 139:103-112
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Ceballos, G., and Navarro, D. (1991). Diversity and conser-vation of Mexican mammals. Pp.167-98 in Latin Ameri-can mammalogy: History, biodiversity, and conserva-tion, ed. M. A. Mares and D. J. Schmidly. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press.
Chapin, F.S., Sculeze, E.D., Mooney, H.A., (1990). The ecology and economics of storage in plants. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 21:423-447
Chaturvedi, S.K. (1993). Significance of light windows in the pollination of some Indian Ceropegias (Asclepiadaceae), Cactus and Succulent Journal (U.S.), 65:148-151
Gaikwad, D.K., Supate, A.R., Yadav, S.R. and Chavan, P.D. (1989). Occurrence of crassulacean acid metabolism in stem tissues of Ceropegia juncea Roxb. Photosyntheti-ca, 23:216-220
Gurevitch, J. and Padilla D.K. (2004). Are invasive species a major cause of extinctions? Trends in Ecology and Evo-lution, 19, 470–474
Hoffman, A. and Alliende, M.C. (1984). Interactions in the patterns of vegetative growth and reproduction in woody dioecious plants. Oecologia, 61:109-114
I?ik, K. (2011). Rare and endemic species: why are they prone to extinction? Turkish Journal of Botany, 35:411–417
Kumar, S. (1996). Trends in structural compositional attributes of dune interdune vegetation and their edaphic relations in the Indian Desert. Vegetatio, 124 : 73-93
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Kumar, S. (1998). Vegetation resources in the indian arid zone pp: 89-119 In Fifty years of Arid Zone Research in India (Eds. Faroda AS and Singh M.) CAZRI, Jodhpur, 478pp.
Kumar, S. (2002). Regional biodiversity profiles: arid and semi Arid areas. Pp. 292-306. In. Singh, J.S. (ed.) National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plant – National Terrestrial Ecosystem, BHU VARANASI – 422 pp.
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Kumar, S. and Shankar, V. (1985). Vegetation ecology of the Guhiya catchment of the Upper Luni Basin. Tropical Ecology 26: 1-11
Kumar, S. and Shankar, V. (1987) Vegetation ecology of Bandi catchment in the Upper Luni Basin Western Rajasthan. Tropical Ecoogy, 28:246-258
Kumar, S. and Kumar, P. (2014). Rehabilitation of lignite mine spoils in the indian arid zone-An Ecological Approach. Annals of Arid Zone, 53 (3&4): 121-136
Kumar, S., Jadhav, R., Thakkar P.S. and Sastry, K.L.N. ( 2002). Grassland Mapping in Gujarat using remote sensing and GIS Techniques: Jamnagar district. SAC & CAZRI 36 p.
Kumar, S. and Purohit, C.S. (2015). Conservation of Threatened Desert Plants. Scientific Publishers. 148 pp.
Lawton, J.H. (1993). Range, population abundance and conservation. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 8:409-12
Li, Y.M., and Wilcove, D.S. (2005). Threats to vertebrate species in China and the United States. Bio-Science, 55:147-53
Moharana P.C. (2015). Desertification status mapping of Rajasthan monitoring SAC project report (unpublished)
Martain, A., Grzeskowiak, V. and Puech, S. (1995). Germination variability in three species in disturbed Mediterranean environments. Acta Oecologia, 16:479-490
Mc KinneYt, M.L. (1997). Extinction vulnerability and slectivity: Combining ecological and paleontological views. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 28:495-516
Milla, R., Castro-Die, P. and Montserrat-Marti, G. (2010). Phenology of mediterranean woody plant from N E Spain : Sychrony, seasonality and Relationship among phonophases. Flora, 205:190- 199
Navarro, L. and Guitian, J. (2003). Seed germination and seedling survival of two threatened endemic species of northwest Iberian peninsula. Biological Conversation, 109: 313-320
Nayar, M.P. and Shastry, A.R.K., (eds.) (1987-1989). Red Data Book of India Plants. Vol. I-III. BSI. Calcutta.
Pandey, R.P. and Padhye, P.M. (2007). Studies on phytodiversity of arid Machia Safari Park-Kailana in Jodhpur (Rajasthan). Bulletin of Botanical Survey of India, 49(1-4): 15-78
Pandey, R.P., Shetty, B.V. and Malhotra, S.K. (1983). A preliminary census of rare and threatened plants of Rajasthan. In Jain SK and Rao RR (eds.), An Assessment of Threatened Plants of India pp. 52-62. BSI, Howrah
Parcival, M.G. (1969). Floral Biology (Pergaman Press) Oxford 1-243
Partel, M., Kalamees, R., Reier, D., Tuvi, E.L., Roosaluste, E., Vellak, A. and Zobel, M. (2005). Grouping and prioritization of vascular plant species for conservation: Combining natural rarity and management need. Biological Conservation, 123:271-78
Patil, V.N. (1990). Morphotaxonomical studies in Asclepiadaceae: Genus Ceropegia Linn. And Brachystelma R. Br. M. Phil. Dissertation, Shivaji University, Kolhapur.
Pilgrim, E.S., Crawley, M.J., and Dolphin, K. (2004). Patterns of rarity in the native British flora. Biological Conservation, 120:161-70
Primack, R.B. (2006). Essentials of Conservation Biology. Sinauer Assoc., Inc., Sunderland, MA.
Shankar, V. and Kumar, S. (1987). Grazing Resources of Jaisalmer : Ecology and development planning with special reference to Sewan Grazing lands. CAZRI Monograph No. 28 pp: 91 CAZRI Jodhpur
Shankar, V. and Kumar, S. (1988). Vegetation ecology of the Indian Thar Desert International Journal of Ecology and Environmental Science, 14: 131-155
Shetty, B.V. and Singh, V. (1993). Flora of Rajasthan Vol-I,II,II. Botanical Survey of India
Supate, A.R., Gaikwad, D.K., Yadav, S.R. and Chavan, P.D. (1990). Crassulacean Acid Metabolism feature occur in leafy forms of Ceropegia . Photosynthetica, 24:53-55
Venter, O., Brodeur, N.N., Nemiroff, L., Belland, B., Dolinsek, L.J., and Grant, J.W.A. (2006). Threats to endangered species in Canada. Bio-Science, 56:903-10
Wilcove, D., Rothstein, D., Dubow, J., Phillips, A., and Losos, E. (2000). Leading threats to biodiversity: What's imperiling U.S. species. Pp. 239-54 in Precious heritage:The status of biodiversity in the United States. ed. B.A. Stein, L. S. Kutner, and J.S. Adams. New York: Oxford University Press.
Yadav, S.R (1996). Flytrap flowers of Western Ghats. Horn-bill, 1:1-7
Burgman, M.A., Keith, D.A. and Walshe, T.V. (1999). Un-certainly in comparative risk analysis for threatened Australian plant species. Risk Analysis, 19:585- 598 doi: 10. 1111/J. 1539-6924.1999. tb 00430.X
Butchart, S.H.M., Walpole, M., Collen, B., Van Strien, A., Scharlemann, J.P.W, and Almond, R.E.A. (2010). Global biodiversity: indicators of recent declines. Sci-ence, 328, 1164–1168
Castro-Diez, P. and Montserrat-Marti, G. (1998). Phenologi-cal pattern of fifteen mediterranean phanerophytes from Quercus Ilex communities of NE- Spain. Plant Ecology, 139:103-112
CBD (2010). Global biodiversity outlook3. Montreal: Secre-tariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity.
Ceballos, G., and Navarro, D. (1991). Diversity and conser-vation of Mexican mammals. Pp.167-98 in Latin Ameri-can mammalogy: History, biodiversity, and conserva-tion, ed. M. A. Mares and D. J. Schmidly. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press.
Chapin, F.S., Sculeze, E.D., Mooney, H.A., (1990). The ecology and economics of storage in plants. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 21:423-447
Chaturvedi, S.K. (1993). Significance of light windows in the pollination of some Indian Ceropegias (Asclepiadaceae), Cactus and Succulent Journal (U.S.), 65:148-151
Gaikwad, D.K., Supate, A.R., Yadav, S.R. and Chavan, P.D. (1989). Occurrence of crassulacean acid metabolism in stem tissues of Ceropegia juncea Roxb. Photosyntheti-ca, 23:216-220
Gurevitch, J. and Padilla D.K. (2004). Are invasive species a major cause of extinctions? Trends in Ecology and Evo-lution, 19, 470–474
Hoffman, A. and Alliende, M.C. (1984). Interactions in the patterns of vegetative growth and reproduction in woody dioecious plants. Oecologia, 61:109-114
I?ik, K. (2011). Rare and endemic species: why are they prone to extinction? Turkish Journal of Botany, 35:411–417
Kumar, S. (1996). Trends in structural compositional attributes of dune interdune vegetation and their edaphic relations in the Indian Desert. Vegetatio, 124 : 73-93
Kumar, S. (1997). Vegetation of the Indian arid ecosystem. pp: 71-79 In. Surendra Singh and Amal Kar (eds). Desertification control in the arid ecosystem of India for Sustainable Development. Agro-Botanical Publishers (India) 393 pp
Kumar, S. (1998). Vegetation resources in the indian arid zone pp: 89-119 In Fifty years of Arid Zone Research in India (Eds. Faroda AS and Singh M.) CAZRI, Jodhpur, 478pp.
Kumar, S. (2002). Regional biodiversity profiles: arid and semi Arid areas. Pp. 292-306. In. Singh, J.S. (ed.) National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plant – National Terrestrial Ecosystem, BHU VARANASI – 422 pp.
Kumar, S. (2003a). Vegetation Resources pp. 47-55. In M.A.Khan, P.C. Moharana and S.K. Singh (Eds.). Integrated Natural Resources and Environmental Impact Assessment for Sustainable Development of Ganganagar District, Rajasthan. Central Arid Zone Research Institute, Jodhpur.
Kumar, S. (2003b). Vegetation Resources pp.70-78. In M.A. Khan and Balak Ram (Eds.). Integrated Natural Resources and Environmental Impact Assessment for Sustainable Development of Hanumangarh District, Rajasthan. Central Arid Zone Research Institute, Jodhpur.
Kumar, S. and Shankar, V. (1985). Vegetation ecology of the Guhiya catchment of the Upper Luni Basin. Tropical Ecology 26: 1-11
Kumar, S. and Shankar, V. (1987) Vegetation ecology of Bandi catchment in the Upper Luni Basin Western Rajasthan. Tropical Ecoogy, 28:246-258
Kumar, S. and Kumar, P. (2014). Rehabilitation of lignite mine spoils in the indian arid zone-An Ecological Approach. Annals of Arid Zone, 53 (3&4): 121-136
Kumar, S., Jadhav, R., Thakkar P.S. and Sastry, K.L.N. ( 2002). Grassland Mapping in Gujarat using remote sensing and GIS Techniques: Jamnagar district. SAC & CAZRI 36 p.
Kumar, S. and Purohit, C.S. (2015). Conservation of Threatened Desert Plants. Scientific Publishers. 148 pp.
Lawton, J.H. (1993). Range, population abundance and conservation. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 8:409-12
Li, Y.M., and Wilcove, D.S. (2005). Threats to vertebrate species in China and the United States. Bio-Science, 55:147-53
Moharana P.C. (2015). Desertification status mapping of Rajasthan monitoring SAC project report (unpublished)
Martain, A., Grzeskowiak, V. and Puech, S. (1995). Germination variability in three species in disturbed Mediterranean environments. Acta Oecologia, 16:479-490
Mc KinneYt, M.L. (1997). Extinction vulnerability and slectivity: Combining ecological and paleontological views. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 28:495-516
Milla, R., Castro-Die, P. and Montserrat-Marti, G. (2010). Phenology of mediterranean woody plant from N E Spain : Sychrony, seasonality and Relationship among phonophases. Flora, 205:190- 199
Navarro, L. and Guitian, J. (2003). Seed germination and seedling survival of two threatened endemic species of northwest Iberian peninsula. Biological Conversation, 109: 313-320
Nayar, M.P. and Shastry, A.R.K., (eds.) (1987-1989). Red Data Book of India Plants. Vol. I-III. BSI. Calcutta.
Pandey, R.P. and Padhye, P.M. (2007). Studies on phytodiversity of arid Machia Safari Park-Kailana in Jodhpur (Rajasthan). Bulletin of Botanical Survey of India, 49(1-4): 15-78
Pandey, R.P., Shetty, B.V. and Malhotra, S.K. (1983). A preliminary census of rare and threatened plants of Rajasthan. In Jain SK and Rao RR (eds.), An Assessment of Threatened Plants of India pp. 52-62. BSI, Howrah
Parcival, M.G. (1969). Floral Biology (Pergaman Press) Oxford 1-243
Partel, M., Kalamees, R., Reier, D., Tuvi, E.L., Roosaluste, E., Vellak, A. and Zobel, M. (2005). Grouping and prioritization of vascular plant species for conservation: Combining natural rarity and management need. Biological Conservation, 123:271-78
Patil, V.N. (1990). Morphotaxonomical studies in Asclepiadaceae: Genus Ceropegia Linn. And Brachystelma R. Br. M. Phil. Dissertation, Shivaji University, Kolhapur.
Pilgrim, E.S., Crawley, M.J., and Dolphin, K. (2004). Patterns of rarity in the native British flora. Biological Conservation, 120:161-70
Primack, R.B. (2006). Essentials of Conservation Biology. Sinauer Assoc., Inc., Sunderland, MA.
Shankar, V. and Kumar, S. (1987). Grazing Resources of Jaisalmer : Ecology and development planning with special reference to Sewan Grazing lands. CAZRI Monograph No. 28 pp: 91 CAZRI Jodhpur
Shankar, V. and Kumar, S. (1988). Vegetation ecology of the Indian Thar Desert International Journal of Ecology and Environmental Science, 14: 131-155
Shetty, B.V. and Singh, V. (1993). Flora of Rajasthan Vol-I,II,II. Botanical Survey of India
Supate, A.R., Gaikwad, D.K., Yadav, S.R. and Chavan, P.D. (1990). Crassulacean Acid Metabolism feature occur in leafy forms of Ceropegia . Photosynthetica, 24:53-55
Venter, O., Brodeur, N.N., Nemiroff, L., Belland, B., Dolinsek, L.J., and Grant, J.W.A. (2006). Threats to endangered species in Canada. Bio-Science, 56:903-10
Wilcove, D., Rothstein, D., Dubow, J., Phillips, A., and Losos, E. (2000). Leading threats to biodiversity: What's imperiling U.S. species. Pp. 239-54 in Precious heritage:The status of biodiversity in the United States. ed. B.A. Stein, L. S. Kutner, and J.S. Adams. New York: Oxford University Press.
Yadav, S.R (1996). Flytrap flowers of Western Ghats. Horn-bill, 1:1-7
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Rarity of Ceropegia bulbosa Roxb. var. lushii and protocol for its ex-situ conservation in the Indian desert. (2016). Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 8(4), 2155-2163. https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v8i4.1105
