Socio-economic status of human-elephant conflict: Its assessment and solutions
Article Main
Abstract
The study was made to examine the effect of human-elephant conflict (HEC) on socio-economic vulnerability in corridors of northern Chhattisgarh. Incidents relating to conflicts were observed and analyzed to understand the socio-economic status of the people, their attitudes towards elephant, the way people and elephants were affected along with different aspects of conflicts. The records whatsoever available on HEC of forest department were also took into consideration during analysis. It was found that majority of respondents involved in farming besides other sources like livestock (63.0%), NTFPs collection (42.50%) etc. Paddy (57.50%) and sugarcane (40.0%) constitute major crops which likely favours the incidence of HEC in the region. Nearly 112 houses and 939.02 acre of crops were damaged along with 06 human deaths. It was found that 46% of the respondents respected the animal as a religious figure while 30% fear them and most of the respondents (77.50%) were in favour of compensation. This necessitated a detailed assessment of habitat suitability and dispersal corridor for elephants in the area. Therefore, an attempt has been made to present various aspects of HEC along with management implications.
Article Details
Article Details
Keywords
Conflicts, Corridor, Crop damage, Habitat, HEC
References
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Naughton, L., Rose, R. and Treves, A. (1999). The social dimensions of human-elephant conflict in Africa: A literature review and case studies from Uganda and Cameroon. A report to the African Elephant Specialist, Human-elephant Task, Conflict Task Force Groups of IUCN, Glands, Switzerland.
Pal, G. (2009). Resource use efficiency and level of technol-ogy adoption in lac cultivation among trained and un-trained lac growers in Jharkhand. International Journal Agricultaral Science, 592: 615-618
Sarker, A.H.M. and Roskaft, E. (2012). Farmer characteris-tics and their perception of Asian elephants (Elephas maximus) as an agricultural pest in Bangladesh. Inter-national Journal of Biodiversity and Conservation, 4(14): 560-572
Sarker, A.H.M.R. and Roskaft, E. (2010). Human attitudes towards conservation of Asian elephants (Elephas maxi-mus) in Bangladesh. International Journal of Biodiver-sity and Conservation, 2(10): 316-327
Sarker, A.H.M.R. and Roskaft, E. (2011). Human attitudes towards the conservation of protected areas: a case study from four protected areas in Bangladesh. Oryx, 45(3): 391-400
Singh, A.K., Singh, R.R. and Chowdhury, S. (2002). Human-Elephant conflicts in changed landscapes of south West Bengal, India. Indian Forester, 128: 1119-1132
Singh, R.K. (2002). Elephants in exile: A rapid assessment of the Human-Elephant conflict in Chhattisgarh. An Occa-sional Report of a Rapid Action Project as part of the Elephant Conservation Project. Occasional Report No. 5, Wildlife Trust of India, New Delhi.
Sinha, R., Jhariya, M.K. and Yadav, D.K. (2015). Assess-ment of sal seedlings and herbaceous flora in the khair-bar plantation of Sarguja Forest Division, Chhattisgarh. Current World Environment, 10(1): 330-337
Sinha, R., Yadav, D.K. and Jhariya, M.K. (2014). Growth performance of Sal in Mahamaya central forest nursery (Ambikapur), Chhattisgarh. International Journal of Scientific Research, 3(11): 246-248
Sukumar, R. (1989). The Asian Elephant: ecology and man-agement. Oxford University Press, Cambridge, UK.
Sukumar, R. (1994). Wildlife-human conflict in India: An ecological and social perspective. pp. 303-317. In: R. Guha (ed.) Social Ecology. Oxford University Press, New Delhi.
Sukumar, R. (2006). A brief review of the status, distribution and biology of wild Asian elephants. International Zoo-logical Year Book, 40: 1-8.
Thakur, A.K., Yadav, D.K. and Jhariya, M.K. (2015). Hu-man-Elephant Conflict Scenario in Corridors of North-ern Chhattisgarh. Journal of Plant Development Scienc-es, 7(11): 821-825
Thirgood, S., Woodroffe, R. and Rabinowitz, A. (2005). The impact of human-wildlife conflict on human lives and livelihoods in Woodroffe, R., Thirgood, S., & Rab-inowitz, A. (eds). People and Wildlife: Conflict or coexistence. Cambridge University Press. The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 2RU, UK. pp. 13-26
Treves, A., Wallace, R.B., Naughton-Treves, L. and Morales, A. (2006). Co-managing human wildlife conflicts: a review. Human Dimensions of Wildlife, 11: 383-396
Venkataraman, A. (2002). What is an Asian elephant (Elephas maximus) corridor? pp. 24-31. In: V. Menon, S.K. Tiwari, P.S. Easa & R. Sukumar (eds.) Right of Passage: Elephant Corridors of India. Conservation Reference Series No. 3, Wildlife Trust of India, New Delhi.
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Yadav, D.K., Jhariya, M.K., Kumar, A. and Sinha, R. (2015). Documentation and Ethnobotanical importance of Me-dicinal Plants found in Sarguja district. Journal of Plant Development Sciences,7(5): 439-446
Yu, S.J. and Nguyen, S.N. (1992). Detection and biochemical characterization of insecticide resistance in the diamondback moth. Pesticide Biochemistry & Physiology, 44:74-81
Zhao, J.Z. Li, Y.X. Collins, H.L. Gusukuma-Minuto, L. Mau, R.F.L. Thompson, G.D. and Shelton, A.M. (2002). Monitoring and characterization of diamondback moth (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) resistance to spinosad. Journal of Economic Entomology, 95: 430–436
Bandara, R. and Tisdell, C. (2002). Asain elephants as agri-cultural pests: Damages, economics of control and com-pensation in Sri Lnaka. Natural Resources Journal, 42:491-519
Beier, P. and Noss, R.F. (1998). Do habitat corridors provide connectivity?. Conservation Biology, 12: 1241-1252
Bijalwan, A., Sharma, C.M. and Kediyal, V.K. (2012). Socio-economic status and livelihood support through tradi-tional agroforestry systems in hill and mountain agro-ecosystem of Garhwal Himalaya, India. The Indian Forester,138(12): 1423-1430
Borah, R.K. and Bhuyan N. (2016). A comprehensive study of human-elephant conflict in the bordering areas of the three reserve forests of Lakhimpur district, Assam. International Journal of Interdisciplinary Research in Science Society and Culture, 2(1): 132-143
Chaudhary, M.C. and Panjabi, N.K. (2005). Adoption behav-iour of tribal and non-tribal farmers regarding improved Social Forestry Practices. Rural India, 67(6): 140-141
Chambers, R. (1994). The origins and practice of participa-tory rural appraisal. World Development, 22(7): 953-969
Earth Matters Foundation (2008). A Home for Elephants, People and Tribal Communities: Managing Human Elephant Conflict in Chhattisgarh. Detailed Project Report. Earth Matters Foundation, New Delhi
Easa, P.S. (2002). Asian elephants in India: A review. pp. 14-22. In: V. Menon, S. K. Tiwari, P. S. Easa & R. Sukumar (eds.) Right of Passage: Elephant Corridors of India. Conservation Reference Series No. 3. Wildlife Trust of India, New Delhi.
Fernando, P. and Pastorini, J. (2011). Range-wide status of Asian elephants. Gajah, 35: 15-20
Fernando, P., Kumar, M.A., Williams, A.C., Wickrama-nayake, Aziz, E.T. and Singh, S.M. (2008). Review of human-elephant conflict mitigation measures practiced in South Asia. WWF-World Wide Fund for Nature, AR-EAS Technical Support Document submitted to World Bank.
Geetha, G.S. and Devi, R.G. (2008). Technology adoption and training needs of sericulture farmers - a case study in NGO. Indian Journal Agriculture Science, 42(3): 157-163
Gubbi, S. (2012). Patterns and correlates of human–elephant conflict around a south Indian reserve. Biological Con-servation, Doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2012.01.046.
Gurung, S. and Lahiri Choudhury, D.K. (2000). Project Ele-phant-human conflict in Asia state report on Meghalaya, India. Part-I. Asian Elephant Research and Conserva-tion Centre.
Gurung, S. and Lahiri Choudhury, D.K. (2001). Project: Elephant-human conflict in Asia state report on Megha-laya, India,. Community development-block reports. Part-II. Asian Elephant Research and Conservation Centre.
Hoare, R.E. (2001). A decision support system for managing human-elephant conflict situations in Africa.
IUCN (2006). Asian Elephant Range Status Meeting, 24-26 January 2006, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia: Report. Swit-zerland.
IUCN (2004). Assessment of elephant habitat and local ca-pacity and awareness enhancement programme at Chu-nati Wildlife Sanctuary. Conservation of Asian ele-phants in Bangladesh IUCN- The World Conservation Union, Bangladesh, Country office, Dhaka, Technical Report.
Jhariya, M.K. and Yadav, D.K. (2016). Understorey Vegeta-tion in Natural and Plantation Forest Ecosystem of Sarguja (C.G.), India. Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 8(2): 668-673
Jarungrattanapong, R. and Sajjanand, S. (2011). Analysis of policy options to convert human-elephant conflict into human-elephant harmony. Research Report No. 2011-RR14. Economy and Environment Program for South-east Asia.
Khanna,V., Ravichandran, M.S. and Kushwaha, S.P.S. (2001). Corridor analysis in Rajaji-Corbett Elephant Reserve: A Remote sensing and GIS approach. Journal of the Indian Society of Remote Sensing, 29: 41- 46
Krishnamoorthy, L., Vardharaj, S., Mani, G. and Vinila, J.E.A. (2003). Collection and marketing of non-timber forest products in Tamil Nadu. Journal of Non-Timber Forest Products, 10(1/2): 76-82
Kumar, P., Rawat, L. and Basera, H. (2010). Socioeconomic studies of Henwal Watershed, Tehri Garhwal, Uttarak-hand. Indian Journal Forestry, 33(2): 149- 154
Kushwaha, S.P.S. and Hazarika, R. (2004). Assessment of habitat loss in Kameng and Sonitpur Elephant reserves. Current Science, 87: 1447-1453
Lakra, V. and Cardenas, V.R. (2002). Socioeconomic and demographic profile of the farmers in the tribal areas of south Bihar. Bharatiya Samajik Chintan, 25(1-2): 80-84
Nandy, S., Kushwaha, S.P.S. and Mukhopadhyay, S. (2007). Monitoring the Chilla-Motichur wildlife corridor using geospatial tools. Journal for Nature Conservation, 15: 237-244
Naughton, L., Rose, R. and Treves, A. (1999). The social dimensions of human-elephant conflict in Africa: A literature review and case studies from Uganda and Cameroon. A report to the African Elephant Specialist, Human-elephant Task, Conflict Task Force Groups of IUCN, Glands, Switzerland.
Pal, G. (2009). Resource use efficiency and level of technol-ogy adoption in lac cultivation among trained and un-trained lac growers in Jharkhand. International Journal Agricultaral Science, 592: 615-618
Sarker, A.H.M. and Roskaft, E. (2012). Farmer characteris-tics and their perception of Asian elephants (Elephas maximus) as an agricultural pest in Bangladesh. Inter-national Journal of Biodiversity and Conservation, 4(14): 560-572
Sarker, A.H.M.R. and Roskaft, E. (2010). Human attitudes towards conservation of Asian elephants (Elephas maxi-mus) in Bangladesh. International Journal of Biodiver-sity and Conservation, 2(10): 316-327
Sarker, A.H.M.R. and Roskaft, E. (2011). Human attitudes towards the conservation of protected areas: a case study from four protected areas in Bangladesh. Oryx, 45(3): 391-400
Singh, A.K., Singh, R.R. and Chowdhury, S. (2002). Human-Elephant conflicts in changed landscapes of south West Bengal, India. Indian Forester, 128: 1119-1132
Singh, R.K. (2002). Elephants in exile: A rapid assessment of the Human-Elephant conflict in Chhattisgarh. An Occa-sional Report of a Rapid Action Project as part of the Elephant Conservation Project. Occasional Report No. 5, Wildlife Trust of India, New Delhi.
Sinha, R., Jhariya, M.K. and Yadav, D.K. (2015). Assess-ment of sal seedlings and herbaceous flora in the khair-bar plantation of Sarguja Forest Division, Chhattisgarh. Current World Environment, 10(1): 330-337
Sinha, R., Yadav, D.K. and Jhariya, M.K. (2014). Growth performance of Sal in Mahamaya central forest nursery (Ambikapur), Chhattisgarh. International Journal of Scientific Research, 3(11): 246-248
Sukumar, R. (1989). The Asian Elephant: ecology and man-agement. Oxford University Press, Cambridge, UK.
Sukumar, R. (1994). Wildlife-human conflict in India: An ecological and social perspective. pp. 303-317. In: R. Guha (ed.) Social Ecology. Oxford University Press, New Delhi.
Sukumar, R. (2006). A brief review of the status, distribution and biology of wild Asian elephants. International Zoo-logical Year Book, 40: 1-8.
Thakur, A.K., Yadav, D.K. and Jhariya, M.K. (2015). Hu-man-Elephant Conflict Scenario in Corridors of North-ern Chhattisgarh. Journal of Plant Development Scienc-es, 7(11): 821-825
Thirgood, S., Woodroffe, R. and Rabinowitz, A. (2005). The impact of human-wildlife conflict on human lives and livelihoods in Woodroffe, R., Thirgood, S., & Rab-inowitz, A. (eds). People and Wildlife: Conflict or coexistence. Cambridge University Press. The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 2RU, UK. pp. 13-26
Treves, A., Wallace, R.B., Naughton-Treves, L. and Morales, A. (2006). Co-managing human wildlife conflicts: a review. Human Dimensions of Wildlife, 11: 383-396
Venkataraman, A. (2002). What is an Asian elephant (Elephas maximus) corridor? pp. 24-31. In: V. Menon, S.K. Tiwari, P.S. Easa & R. Sukumar (eds.) Right of Passage: Elephant Corridors of India. Conservation Reference Series No. 3, Wildlife Trust of India, New Delhi.
Wisumperuma, D. (2003). Human-elephant relationships in Sri Lanka: A historical and archaeological perspective. In Symposium for Human elephant relationships and conflicts, Jayawardene, J. (Ed.). Biodiversity and Ele-phant Conservation Trust, Colombo.
Yadav, D.K., Jhariya, M.K., Kumar, A. and Sinha, R. (2015). Documentation and Ethnobotanical importance of Me-dicinal Plants found in Sarguja district. Journal of Plant Development Sciences,7(5): 439-446
Yu, S.J. and Nguyen, S.N. (1992). Detection and biochemical characterization of insecticide resistance in the diamondback moth. Pesticide Biochemistry & Physiology, 44:74-81
Zhao, J.Z. Li, Y.X. Collins, H.L. Gusukuma-Minuto, L. Mau, R.F.L. Thompson, G.D. and Shelton, A.M. (2002). Monitoring and characterization of diamondback moth (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) resistance to spinosad. Journal of Economic Entomology, 95: 430–436
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Socio-economic status of human-elephant conflict: Its assessment and solutions. (2016). Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 8(4), 2104-2110. https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v8i4.1098
