Effect of different factors on in vitro growth and shoot proliferation of guava (Psidium guajava L.) cv. Allahabad Safeda
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Abstract
In the present experiment an attempt has been made to optimize the effect of different medium, levels of sucrose, pH, adenine sulphate and light intensity for culture establishment and shoot proliferation in guava using nodal segment explants. Culture establishment was greatly influenced by media types. Maximum establishment of
explants (74.57%) was recorded on MS medium supplemented with 2.0 mg/l BAP + 0.2 mg/l IBA. In proliferation study, the maximum shoot proliferation was observed in MS + 1 mg/l BAP + 0.25 mg/l GA3. Sucrose 3% was found to be more favorable for maximum proliferation and growth of shoots moreover, it was reduced gradually as increased or decreased levels of sucrose from 30 g/l. among the various pH levels tested, pH 5.5 recorded maximum number of shoots (8.08) and maximum length of shoots (3.75 cm).In proliferation medium the length of shoot, numbers of shoots and growth rate were increased as increased the adenine sulphate level in the medium. Maximum proliferation was observed on 160 mg/l adenine sulphate in the medium. High light intensity 3000 lux was found to be most suitable for proper growth of regenerated shoots. Low light intensity (1000 lux) resulted in stunted growth. All the above factors significantly influenced shoot multiplication and growth. Thus, optimization of these factors showed significantly increased number of shoots and rapid multiplication. This could be useful for the in vitro production of cost effective healthy planting material of guava
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Keywords
Adenine sulphate, Light intensity, Multiplication, pH, Shoots
References
Ahmad, T., Abbasi, N.A., Hafiz, I.A. and Ali, A. (2007). Comparison of sucrose and sorbitol as main carbon energy source in morphogenesis of peach rootstock GF-677. Pakistan Journal Botany, 39(4): 1264- 1275
Agnihotri, S., Singh, S.K., Jain, M., Sharma, M., Sharma, A.K. and Chaturvedi, H.C. (2004). In vitro cloning of female and male Carica papaya through tips of shoots and inflorescences. Indian J. Biotechnology, 3: 235-240
Ali, N.M., Mulwa, R.M.S., Notron, M.A. and Skirvin R.M. (2003). Micropropagation of guava (Psidium guajava). J. Hort. Sci. Biotechnol., 78 (5): 739 -741
Al-Sulaiman, M.A. and Barakat, M.N. (2010). In vitro shoot multiplication of Ziziphus spina-christi by shoot tip culture. African Journal of Biotechnology, 9 (6), 850-857
Anchalee J. (2012). Effects of NAA BA and sucrose on shoot induction and rapid micropropagation by trimming shoot of Curcuma Longa L. International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies, 17 (4):54-60
Andersone, U. and Levinsh, G. (2008). Medium pH affects regeneration capacity and oxidative enzyme activity of Pinus sylvestris in tissue culture. Acta Universitatis Latviensis, 745: 25–35
Asha, K.I. and Nair, G.M. (2010). Effect of different levels of sucrose and additives on In vitro Multiplication in Dioscorea pentaphylla L. Journal of Root Crops, 36 (1):33-38
Bhatia, P. and Ashwath, N. (2005). Effect of medium pH on shoot regeneration from the cotyledonary explants of tomato. Biotechnology, 4: 7–10
Conger, B.V. (1987). Cloning agricultural plants viz. in vitro techniques CRC pres. Florida, pp. 31-39
Chawla, H.S. (2002). Introduction to plant biotechnology, 2nd edn. Science Publishers, Inc, Enfield, New Delhi, pp. 43
DE Klerk, G.J., Hanecakova, J. and Jasik, J. (2008). Effect of medium- pH and MES on adventitious root formation from stem discs of apple. Plant Cell Tiss. Org. Cult., 95:285–292
Gabriela, V. (2011). Effect on adenine sulphate on the in vitro evolution of white clover variety Trifolium repens L. Annals of University of Oradea, Fascicle Environmental Protection, XVI: 203-210
Gabryszewska, E. (2011). Effect of various levels of sucrose, nitrogen salts and temperature on the growth and development of Syringa vulgaris L. shoots in vitro. J. Fruit Ornam. Plant Res., 19 (2): 133-148
Gago, J., Nuriez, L M., Landin, M., Flexas, J. and Gallego, P.P. (2014). Modeling the effects of light and sucrose on In Vitro propagated plants: A Multiscale System Analysis Using Artificial Intelligence Technology. PLoS ONE, 9 (1) : e85989
Gamborg, O.L. (1968). Nutrient requirements of suspension cultures of Soybean root cultures. Experimental Cell Research, 50: 151-158
Gauchan, D.P. (2012). Effect of different sugars on shoot regeneration of maize (Zea mays L.). Kathmandu University J. Sci. Eng. Technol., 8 (I):119-124
Gauthert, R.J. (1947). Sur la possibilite de realisem la culture indifinie des tissues de tubercules de carotte. C. R. Academic Science Paris, 208: 118-120
Gautam, N.N., Singh, K., Singh, B., Seal, S., Goel, A. and Goel, V.L. (2010). Studies on clonal multiplication of Guava (Psidium guajava L.) through cutting under controlled conditions. Australian J. Crop Science, 4 (9): 666-669
Gibson, S.I. (2000). Plant sugar response pathways. Part of a complex regulatory web. Plant Physiology, 124: 1532-1539
Gupta, S.D. and Jatothu, B. (2013). Fundamentals and applications of light-emitting diodes (LEDs) in in vitro plant growth and morphogenesis. Plant Biotechnology Reports, 7 (3): 211-220
Gurel, S. and Gulsen, Y. (1998). The Effects of different sucrose, agar and pH Levels on In vitro shoot production of Almond (Amygdalus communis L.) Turkish J. Botany, 22: 363-373
Hari Prakash, H. and Tiwar, J.P. (1996). Micropropagation of guava (Psidium guajava L.). J. Applied Horticulture, 2(1): 98 -101.
Hurley, N.K., Einert, A.E. and Hileman, L.E. (1981). Effect of pH on growth and quality of Iris Germanic L. HortScience, 16(5): 672-673
Husain, M.K. and Anis, M. (2009). Rapid in vitro multiplication of Melia azedarach L. (a multipurpose woody tree). Acta physiol. Plant., 31 (4):765-772
Imran, M.A., Begum, G., Sujatha, K. and Mallaiah, B. (2012). Effect of adenine sulphate (ads) with cytokinins on multiple shoot production in Carissa carandas (L.). International Journal of Pharma and Bio Sciences, 3 (1): 473-480
Jain, N. and Babbar, S.B. (2003). Effect of carbon source on the shoot proliferation potential of epicotyls explants of Syzygium cuminii. Biologia Plantarum, 47: 133-136
Joshee, N., Mutua, M., Yadav, A.K. and Zee, F. (2002). In vitro shoot bud induction and plant regeneration in guava as influenced by genotype. Acta Hort., 635: 279-285
Kaur, K., Verma, B. and Kant, U. (1998). Plants obtained from the Khair tree (Acacia catechu Willd.) using mature nodal segments. Plant Cell Rep., 17: 427-429
Kumar, A. and Kumar, V.A. (1998). Clonal tissue culture of important fruit crops. International book distribution co., pp.35
Kumar, R., Tiwari, J.P. and Misra, K.K. (2006). In vitro cloning of chinease guava (Psidium friedrichsthalianum) (Berg) Nierdz. Progressive. Horticulture, 38 (1): 15 -21
Lloyd, G. and McCown, B. (1980). Commercially-feasible micropropagation of mountain laurel, Kalmia latifolia, by use of shoot-tip culture. Proc. Intern. Plant Prop. Soc., 30: 421-426
Loha, C.S. and Rao, A.N. (1989). Clonal propagation of guava (Psidium guajava L.) from seedlings and grafted plants and adventitious shoot formation in vitro. Scientia Hort., 39: 31-39
Meghawal, P.R.; Singh, S.K. and Sharma, H.C. (2003). Micropropagation of Aneuploid guava. Indian J. Hort., 60 (1): 29 -33
Mishra, D.S., Tiwari, J.P. and Lal, S. (2007). In vitro cloning of guava (Psidium guajava L.) cv. Pant Prabhat. (ed. Proceeding of first international Symposium on Guava), Acta Horticulture, 735: 127-132
Murashige, T. (1974). Plant propagation through tissue culture. Annual Review of Plant Physiology, 5: 135-136
Murashige, T. and Skoog, F. (1962). A revised medium for rapied growth and bioassays with tobacco tissue cultures. Physiol. Plant., 15: 473-497
Nandagopal, S. and Ranjitha Kumari, B.D. (2006). Adenine sulphate induced high frequency shoot organogenesis in callus and in vitro flowering of Cichorium intybus L. cv. Focus - a potent medicinal plant. Acta Agriculture Slovenica, 87 (2): 415 – 425
Narayanswamy, S (1996). Regeneration of plant from tissue culture pp 182. In. Biotechnology in agriculture and forestry, Vol 35 tree IV (eds.Y.P.S Bajaj), Springer Verlag Berlin
Panse, V.G. and Sukhatme, P.V. (1985). Statistical methods for agricultural workes. Ed., ICAR, New Delhi
Patel, J. R. (2008). Micropropagation in papaya cv. Red Lady. M. Sc. thesis submitted to the Navsari Agricultural University, Navsari, Gujarat.
Pontikis, C.A (1996). Biotechnology in agriculture and forestry, pp.312. In. Biotechnology in agriculture and forestry, Vol 35 tree IV (eds.Y.P.S Bajaj), Springer Verlag Berlin.
Pravareena, C and Veeresham, C. (2014). Multiple shoot regeneration and effect of sugars on growth and nitidine accumulation in shoot culture of Toddalia asiatica. Pharmacognocy Magazine, 10 (3):480-486.
Purseglove, J. W. (1968). Tropical crops – Dicotyledone, Longman, Londan
Rajore, S., Sardana, J. and Batra, A. (2002). In vitro cloning of Jatropha curcas L. J. Plant Biol., 29 (2): 195-198.
Rai, M. K., Jaiswal, V. S. and Jaiswal, U. (2008). Effect of ABA and sucrose on germination of encapsulated somatic embryos of guava (Psidium guajava L.). Scientia Hort., 117: 302-305
Rathore, V., Shekhawat, N. S., Singh, R. P., Rathore, J. S. and Dagla, H. R. (2004). Cloning of adult trees of jamun (Sizygium cuminii). Indian J. Biotechnol., 3: 241-245
Reeves, D.W., Horton, B.D. and Couvillon, G.A (1983). Effect of media and media ph on in vitro propagation of ‘Nemaguard' peach rootstock. Scientia Hort., 21: 353-357
Reuveni, O., Shlesinger, D.R. and Lavi, U. (2004). In vitro clonal propagation of dioecious Carica papaya. Plant Cell Tiss. Org. Cult., 20(1): 41-46
Rodriguez, R. and Diaz Sala, C. (1991). Pear in vitro propagation using double phase culture system. Sci. Hort., 3: 62-64
Sadhu, M. K. (1989). Plant propagation. New Age International (P) Ltd. New Delhi. Pp 233
Shah, S. T., Zamir R., Ahmad, R., Ali, H. and Lutfullah, G. (2008). In vitro regeneration of plantlets from seedlings explants of guava (Psidium guajava l.) cv. Safeda. Pak. J. Biotechnol., 40(3): 1195-1200.
Shekafandeh, A. Khosh-Khui, M. (2008). Effects of Bud Position and Culture Medium on Shoot Proliferation from Nodal Culture of Two Mature Guava Cultivars. Asian Journal of Plant Sciences, 7: 177-182.
Shekafandeh, A. (2010). The Effects of Ph Levels and Plant Growth Regulators on in vitro Regeneration of Almond (Prunus dulcis Mill.) World Applied Sciences Journal, 8 (11): 1322-1326.
Shinde, K. A. (2008). Micropropagation in grape cv. Thompson seedless. Unpublished M.Sc. (Hort.) thesis submitted to Navsari Agricultural University Navsari Gujarat. p. 72.
Shrivastava, S. and Banerjee, M. (2008). In vitro clonal propagation of physic nut (Jatropha curcas L): influence of additives. Int. J. Integr. Biol., 3 (1):73-77.
Siddiqui, Z. M. and Farooq, S. A. (1997). Tissue culture studies on the nodal explants of guava. Indian J. Hort., 54 (4): 276 -27.
Singh, S. K., Meghawal, P. R., Sharma, H. C. and Sing S. P. (2002). Direct shoot organogenesis on hypocotyls explants from in vitro germinated seedlings of (Psidium guajava L.) cv. Allahabad Safeda. Scientia Hort., 95: 213-221.
Singh, P. and Patel, R.M. (2014). Factors influencing in vitro growth and shoot multiplication of pomegranate. The Bioscan, 9 (3): 1031-1035.
Siwach, P. and Gill, A.R. (2011). Enhanced shoot multiplication in Ficus religiosa L. in the presence of adenine sulphate, glutamine and phloroglucinol. Physiol. Mol. Bio. Plants, 17 (3): 271–280.
Skirvin, R.M. (1981). Fruit crops. Cloning Agricultural Plants via In vitro Techniques. CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton, Florida. pp. 51-139.
Skoog, F. and Miller, C.O. (1957). Chemical regulation of growth and organ formation in plant tissue cultures in vitro. Symposia of the. Society of Experimental Biology 11: 118–131.
Street, H. E. (1966). The nutrition and metabolism of plant tissue and organ culture. In Cells and Tissues in culture: Methods Biology and physiology (E. N. Willmer Ed.) vol. 3 Academic Press, London pp. 533-629.
Thakur, A. and Kanwar, J.S. (2008). Studies on in vitro shoot proliferation in pear. Indian J. Hort. 65 (4): 481-485.
Usman, M., Butt, M. and Bilquees, F. (2012). Enhanced in vitro multiple shoot induction in elite Pakistani guava cultivars for efficient clonal plant multiplication. African Journal of Biotechnology, 11 (44): 10182-19187.
Walli, V. K. (1996). In vitro propagation studies on guava (Psidium guajava L.). Ph. D. thesis submitted to Gujrat Agricuture University.
Wallihan, E. F., Sharpless, R. G. and Printy, W. L. (1997). Effect of pH on yield and leaf composition of Hydroponic Tomatoes. HortScience, 12 (4): 316-317.
Yadav, U., Lal, M. and Jaiswal, V. S. (1990). In vitro micropropagation of tropical fruit tree Syzygium cumini L. Plant Cell Tiss. Org. Cult., 21: 87-92.
Yaseen, M., Ahmad, M. T., Abbasi, N. A. and Hafiz, I. A. (2009). In vitro shoot proliferation competence of apple rootstocks M9 and M26 on different carbon sources. Pak. J. Biotechnol., 41: 1781-1795.
Yaseen, M, Ahmad, T., Sablok, G., Standardi, A., Ahmad Hafiz, I. (2013). Role of carbon sources for in vitro plant growth and development. Molicular Biology Reports, 40: 2837–2849.
Zamir, R., Ali, N., Shah, S., Muhammad, T. and Shah, S. A. (2007). In vitro regeneration of guava (Psidium guajava L.) from shoot tips of mature trees. Pak. J. Bot. 39 (7): 2395-2398.
Zibbu, G. and Batra, A. (2010). Effect of adenine sulphate on organogenesis via leaf culture in an ornamental plant: Thevetia Peruviana (PERS.) SCHUM. International Journal of Pharma and Bio Sciences, 1(2) 1-9.
Agnihotri, S., Singh, S.K., Jain, M., Sharma, M., Sharma, A.K. and Chaturvedi, H.C. (2004). In vitro cloning of female and male Carica papaya through tips of shoots and inflorescences. Indian J. Biotechnology, 3: 235-240
Ali, N.M., Mulwa, R.M.S., Notron, M.A. and Skirvin R.M. (2003). Micropropagation of guava (Psidium guajava). J. Hort. Sci. Biotechnol., 78 (5): 739 -741
Al-Sulaiman, M.A. and Barakat, M.N. (2010). In vitro shoot multiplication of Ziziphus spina-christi by shoot tip culture. African Journal of Biotechnology, 9 (6), 850-857
Anchalee J. (2012). Effects of NAA BA and sucrose on shoot induction and rapid micropropagation by trimming shoot of Curcuma Longa L. International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies, 17 (4):54-60
Andersone, U. and Levinsh, G. (2008). Medium pH affects regeneration capacity and oxidative enzyme activity of Pinus sylvestris in tissue culture. Acta Universitatis Latviensis, 745: 25–35
Asha, K.I. and Nair, G.M. (2010). Effect of different levels of sucrose and additives on In vitro Multiplication in Dioscorea pentaphylla L. Journal of Root Crops, 36 (1):33-38
Bhatia, P. and Ashwath, N. (2005). Effect of medium pH on shoot regeneration from the cotyledonary explants of tomato. Biotechnology, 4: 7–10
Conger, B.V. (1987). Cloning agricultural plants viz. in vitro techniques CRC pres. Florida, pp. 31-39
Chawla, H.S. (2002). Introduction to plant biotechnology, 2nd edn. Science Publishers, Inc, Enfield, New Delhi, pp. 43
DE Klerk, G.J., Hanecakova, J. and Jasik, J. (2008). Effect of medium- pH and MES on adventitious root formation from stem discs of apple. Plant Cell Tiss. Org. Cult., 95:285–292
Gabriela, V. (2011). Effect on adenine sulphate on the in vitro evolution of white clover variety Trifolium repens L. Annals of University of Oradea, Fascicle Environmental Protection, XVI: 203-210
Gabryszewska, E. (2011). Effect of various levels of sucrose, nitrogen salts and temperature on the growth and development of Syringa vulgaris L. shoots in vitro. J. Fruit Ornam. Plant Res., 19 (2): 133-148
Gago, J., Nuriez, L M., Landin, M., Flexas, J. and Gallego, P.P. (2014). Modeling the effects of light and sucrose on In Vitro propagated plants: A Multiscale System Analysis Using Artificial Intelligence Technology. PLoS ONE, 9 (1) : e85989
Gamborg, O.L. (1968). Nutrient requirements of suspension cultures of Soybean root cultures. Experimental Cell Research, 50: 151-158
Gauchan, D.P. (2012). Effect of different sugars on shoot regeneration of maize (Zea mays L.). Kathmandu University J. Sci. Eng. Technol., 8 (I):119-124
Gauthert, R.J. (1947). Sur la possibilite de realisem la culture indifinie des tissues de tubercules de carotte. C. R. Academic Science Paris, 208: 118-120
Gautam, N.N., Singh, K., Singh, B., Seal, S., Goel, A. and Goel, V.L. (2010). Studies on clonal multiplication of Guava (Psidium guajava L.) through cutting under controlled conditions. Australian J. Crop Science, 4 (9): 666-669
Gibson, S.I. (2000). Plant sugar response pathways. Part of a complex regulatory web. Plant Physiology, 124: 1532-1539
Gupta, S.D. and Jatothu, B. (2013). Fundamentals and applications of light-emitting diodes (LEDs) in in vitro plant growth and morphogenesis. Plant Biotechnology Reports, 7 (3): 211-220
Gurel, S. and Gulsen, Y. (1998). The Effects of different sucrose, agar and pH Levels on In vitro shoot production of Almond (Amygdalus communis L.) Turkish J. Botany, 22: 363-373
Hari Prakash, H. and Tiwar, J.P. (1996). Micropropagation of guava (Psidium guajava L.). J. Applied Horticulture, 2(1): 98 -101.
Hurley, N.K., Einert, A.E. and Hileman, L.E. (1981). Effect of pH on growth and quality of Iris Germanic L. HortScience, 16(5): 672-673
Husain, M.K. and Anis, M. (2009). Rapid in vitro multiplication of Melia azedarach L. (a multipurpose woody tree). Acta physiol. Plant., 31 (4):765-772
Imran, M.A., Begum, G., Sujatha, K. and Mallaiah, B. (2012). Effect of adenine sulphate (ads) with cytokinins on multiple shoot production in Carissa carandas (L.). International Journal of Pharma and Bio Sciences, 3 (1): 473-480
Jain, N. and Babbar, S.B. (2003). Effect of carbon source on the shoot proliferation potential of epicotyls explants of Syzygium cuminii. Biologia Plantarum, 47: 133-136
Joshee, N., Mutua, M., Yadav, A.K. and Zee, F. (2002). In vitro shoot bud induction and plant regeneration in guava as influenced by genotype. Acta Hort., 635: 279-285
Kaur, K., Verma, B. and Kant, U. (1998). Plants obtained from the Khair tree (Acacia catechu Willd.) using mature nodal segments. Plant Cell Rep., 17: 427-429
Kumar, A. and Kumar, V.A. (1998). Clonal tissue culture of important fruit crops. International book distribution co., pp.35
Kumar, R., Tiwari, J.P. and Misra, K.K. (2006). In vitro cloning of chinease guava (Psidium friedrichsthalianum) (Berg) Nierdz. Progressive. Horticulture, 38 (1): 15 -21
Lloyd, G. and McCown, B. (1980). Commercially-feasible micropropagation of mountain laurel, Kalmia latifolia, by use of shoot-tip culture. Proc. Intern. Plant Prop. Soc., 30: 421-426
Loha, C.S. and Rao, A.N. (1989). Clonal propagation of guava (Psidium guajava L.) from seedlings and grafted plants and adventitious shoot formation in vitro. Scientia Hort., 39: 31-39
Meghawal, P.R.; Singh, S.K. and Sharma, H.C. (2003). Micropropagation of Aneuploid guava. Indian J. Hort., 60 (1): 29 -33
Mishra, D.S., Tiwari, J.P. and Lal, S. (2007). In vitro cloning of guava (Psidium guajava L.) cv. Pant Prabhat. (ed. Proceeding of first international Symposium on Guava), Acta Horticulture, 735: 127-132
Murashige, T. (1974). Plant propagation through tissue culture. Annual Review of Plant Physiology, 5: 135-136
Murashige, T. and Skoog, F. (1962). A revised medium for rapied growth and bioassays with tobacco tissue cultures. Physiol. Plant., 15: 473-497
Nandagopal, S. and Ranjitha Kumari, B.D. (2006). Adenine sulphate induced high frequency shoot organogenesis in callus and in vitro flowering of Cichorium intybus L. cv. Focus - a potent medicinal plant. Acta Agriculture Slovenica, 87 (2): 415 – 425
Narayanswamy, S (1996). Regeneration of plant from tissue culture pp 182. In. Biotechnology in agriculture and forestry, Vol 35 tree IV (eds.Y.P.S Bajaj), Springer Verlag Berlin
Panse, V.G. and Sukhatme, P.V. (1985). Statistical methods for agricultural workes. Ed., ICAR, New Delhi
Patel, J. R. (2008). Micropropagation in papaya cv. Red Lady. M. Sc. thesis submitted to the Navsari Agricultural University, Navsari, Gujarat.
Pontikis, C.A (1996). Biotechnology in agriculture and forestry, pp.312. In. Biotechnology in agriculture and forestry, Vol 35 tree IV (eds.Y.P.S Bajaj), Springer Verlag Berlin.
Pravareena, C and Veeresham, C. (2014). Multiple shoot regeneration and effect of sugars on growth and nitidine accumulation in shoot culture of Toddalia asiatica. Pharmacognocy Magazine, 10 (3):480-486.
Purseglove, J. W. (1968). Tropical crops – Dicotyledone, Longman, Londan
Rajore, S., Sardana, J. and Batra, A. (2002). In vitro cloning of Jatropha curcas L. J. Plant Biol., 29 (2): 195-198.
Rai, M. K., Jaiswal, V. S. and Jaiswal, U. (2008). Effect of ABA and sucrose on germination of encapsulated somatic embryos of guava (Psidium guajava L.). Scientia Hort., 117: 302-305
Rathore, V., Shekhawat, N. S., Singh, R. P., Rathore, J. S. and Dagla, H. R. (2004). Cloning of adult trees of jamun (Sizygium cuminii). Indian J. Biotechnol., 3: 241-245
Reeves, D.W., Horton, B.D. and Couvillon, G.A (1983). Effect of media and media ph on in vitro propagation of ‘Nemaguard' peach rootstock. Scientia Hort., 21: 353-357
Reuveni, O., Shlesinger, D.R. and Lavi, U. (2004). In vitro clonal propagation of dioecious Carica papaya. Plant Cell Tiss. Org. Cult., 20(1): 41-46
Rodriguez, R. and Diaz Sala, C. (1991). Pear in vitro propagation using double phase culture system. Sci. Hort., 3: 62-64
Sadhu, M. K. (1989). Plant propagation. New Age International (P) Ltd. New Delhi. Pp 233
Shah, S. T., Zamir R., Ahmad, R., Ali, H. and Lutfullah, G. (2008). In vitro regeneration of plantlets from seedlings explants of guava (Psidium guajava l.) cv. Safeda. Pak. J. Biotechnol., 40(3): 1195-1200.
Shekafandeh, A. Khosh-Khui, M. (2008). Effects of Bud Position and Culture Medium on Shoot Proliferation from Nodal Culture of Two Mature Guava Cultivars. Asian Journal of Plant Sciences, 7: 177-182.
Shekafandeh, A. (2010). The Effects of Ph Levels and Plant Growth Regulators on in vitro Regeneration of Almond (Prunus dulcis Mill.) World Applied Sciences Journal, 8 (11): 1322-1326.
Shinde, K. A. (2008). Micropropagation in grape cv. Thompson seedless. Unpublished M.Sc. (Hort.) thesis submitted to Navsari Agricultural University Navsari Gujarat. p. 72.
Shrivastava, S. and Banerjee, M. (2008). In vitro clonal propagation of physic nut (Jatropha curcas L): influence of additives. Int. J. Integr. Biol., 3 (1):73-77.
Siddiqui, Z. M. and Farooq, S. A. (1997). Tissue culture studies on the nodal explants of guava. Indian J. Hort., 54 (4): 276 -27.
Singh, S. K., Meghawal, P. R., Sharma, H. C. and Sing S. P. (2002). Direct shoot organogenesis on hypocotyls explants from in vitro germinated seedlings of (Psidium guajava L.) cv. Allahabad Safeda. Scientia Hort., 95: 213-221.
Singh, P. and Patel, R.M. (2014). Factors influencing in vitro growth and shoot multiplication of pomegranate. The Bioscan, 9 (3): 1031-1035.
Siwach, P. and Gill, A.R. (2011). Enhanced shoot multiplication in Ficus religiosa L. in the presence of adenine sulphate, glutamine and phloroglucinol. Physiol. Mol. Bio. Plants, 17 (3): 271–280.
Skirvin, R.M. (1981). Fruit crops. Cloning Agricultural Plants via In vitro Techniques. CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton, Florida. pp. 51-139.
Skoog, F. and Miller, C.O. (1957). Chemical regulation of growth and organ formation in plant tissue cultures in vitro. Symposia of the. Society of Experimental Biology 11: 118–131.
Street, H. E. (1966). The nutrition and metabolism of plant tissue and organ culture. In Cells and Tissues in culture: Methods Biology and physiology (E. N. Willmer Ed.) vol. 3 Academic Press, London pp. 533-629.
Thakur, A. and Kanwar, J.S. (2008). Studies on in vitro shoot proliferation in pear. Indian J. Hort. 65 (4): 481-485.
Usman, M., Butt, M. and Bilquees, F. (2012). Enhanced in vitro multiple shoot induction in elite Pakistani guava cultivars for efficient clonal plant multiplication. African Journal of Biotechnology, 11 (44): 10182-19187.
Walli, V. K. (1996). In vitro propagation studies on guava (Psidium guajava L.). Ph. D. thesis submitted to Gujrat Agricuture University.
Wallihan, E. F., Sharpless, R. G. and Printy, W. L. (1997). Effect of pH on yield and leaf composition of Hydroponic Tomatoes. HortScience, 12 (4): 316-317.
Yadav, U., Lal, M. and Jaiswal, V. S. (1990). In vitro micropropagation of tropical fruit tree Syzygium cumini L. Plant Cell Tiss. Org. Cult., 21: 87-92.
Yaseen, M., Ahmad, M. T., Abbasi, N. A. and Hafiz, I. A. (2009). In vitro shoot proliferation competence of apple rootstocks M9 and M26 on different carbon sources. Pak. J. Biotechnol., 41: 1781-1795.
Yaseen, M, Ahmad, T., Sablok, G., Standardi, A., Ahmad Hafiz, I. (2013). Role of carbon sources for in vitro plant growth and development. Molicular Biology Reports, 40: 2837–2849.
Zamir, R., Ali, N., Shah, S., Muhammad, T. and Shah, S. A. (2007). In vitro regeneration of guava (Psidium guajava L.) from shoot tips of mature trees. Pak. J. Bot. 39 (7): 2395-2398.
Zibbu, G. and Batra, A. (2010). Effect of adenine sulphate on organogenesis via leaf culture in an ornamental plant: Thevetia Peruviana (PERS.) SCHUM. International Journal of Pharma and Bio Sciences, 1(2) 1-9.
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Effect of different factors on in vitro growth and shoot proliferation of guava (Psidium guajava L.) cv. Allahabad Safeda. (2016). Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 8(4), 1999-2006. https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v8i4.1077
