Soil degradation due to heavy metal accumulation under long term fertilization of paddy (Oryza sativa L.)
##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.main##
Abstract
Long term fertility experiment (LTFE) under double rice cropping system was investigated in Tamil Nadu Rice Research Institute, Aduthurai, India with two varieties (ADT 43 and ADT 45) in two seasons (Kharif and Rabi) under six fertilizer treatments to study the heavy metal accumulation in soil and its impact on paddy. There was a significant variation in physico-chemical properties of soil due to different fertilizer treatments. The surface soil (0-15cm soil depth) in all the treatments showed relatively higher heavy metal accumulation than subsurface. In the
long run, there was a build up in the total heavy metal content in soil and it was found to be relatively high in phosphatic fertilizer applied treatments than others. Total Cd and Pb was found high, but the availability was below detectable limit indicated that Cd and Pb were found in unavailable forms, while Cu and Zn were slightly in mobile forms which had been translocated into grain and straw of paddy. The DTPA (Diphenyl Triamine Penta Aceticacid) extractable Cd and Pb in the soil was low, but there was heavy increase in Cu and Zn comparing with initial period. The rate of increase in Cd and Pb content was lower in N alone and control plots. This might be due to the long term application of phosphotic and zinc sulphate fertilizers. Cd and Pb were evenly distributed at low concentrations in grain and straw under various treatments. In case of Cu and Zn, it was relatively higher in grains and paddy straw
among various fertilizer treatments. There was no significant difference among the varietal (seasons) treatments for the accumulation of heavy metals in grain and straw.
##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.details##
##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.details##
Fertilizer, Grain, Heavy metal, Paddy, Straw
FAO/WHO (2002). Codex Alimentarius – General standards for contaminants and toxins in food. Schedule1. Maximum and guideline levels for contaminants and toxins for food. Joint FAO/WHO food standards programme, codex committee, Rotterdam, Reference CX/FAC 02/16.
Herawati, N., Suzuki, S., Hayashi, K., Rivai, I.F. and Koyana, H. (2000). Cadmium, Copper and Zinc levels in rice and soils of Japan, Indonesia and China by soil type. Bull. Env. Contam. Toxicol., 64:33-39.
Jarvis, S. C., Jones, L.P. H. and Hopper, M. J. (1976). Cadmium uptake from solutions by plants and its transport from roots to shoots. Plant soil, 44:179-191.
Khaled, Eid M. (2004). Distribution of different fractions of heavy metals in desert sandy soil amended with composted sewage sludge. Intl. conf. on Water Resources & Arid Environment, P:1-15.
Lindsay, W.L. and Norvell, W.A. (1978). Development of a DTPA soil test for zinc, iron, manganese and copper. Soil Sci. Soc. Am.J., 42:421-428.
Loganathan, P., Helley, M. J., Gregg, P.E.H.and Currie,L.D. (1997). Effect of Phosphatic fertilizer type on the accumulation and plant availability of cadmium in grassland soils. Nut. Cyc. Agroecosys., 47:169-178.
Lokhande, R.S. and Kelkar, N. (1999). Studies on heavy metals in water of Vasai creek, Maharashtra. Indian J. Environ. Protect.,19:664-668.
Ma, L.Q. and Rao, G. N. (1997). Chemical fractionation of cadmium, copper, nickel and zinc in contaminated soils. J. Environ. Qual., 26:259-264.
Machiwa, J. F. (2010). Heavy metal levels in paddy soils and rice (Oryza sativa L.) from wetlands of Lake Victoria Basin, Tanzania, Tanz. J. Sci., 36:59-71.
Mico, C., Peris, M., Racatala, L. and Sanchez, J. (2007). Baseline values for heavy metal in agricultural soils in European Mediterranean region. Sci. Total Environ., 378:13-17.
Mortvedt, J. J. (1996). Heavy metal contaminants in inorganic and organic fertilizers. Fertilizer Research, 43:55-61.
Mousavi, S.M. (2010). Lead and Cadmium availability and uptake by rice plant in response to different bio-solids and inorganic fertilizers. Am. J. Agri. Biol. Sci., (1):25-31.
Palaniappan, M., Shanmugam, K. and Ponnusamy, S. (2002). Soi l degradat ion due to heavy metal accumulation under long term fertilization. Symposium no.46, paper no:33, 17th WCSS, 14-21 Aug 2002, Thailand, pp. 333-1-7.
Pendias, A. and Pendias, H. (2001). Trace elements in Soils and Plants. 3rd edn. Boca Raton: CRC Press.
Ponnamperuma (1972). The chemistry of submerged soils. Adv. Agron., 24: 32-96.
Ramachandran, V., Bhujal, B.M. and D’Souza, T. J. (1998). Influence of rock phosphates with and without vegetable compost on the yield, phosphorous and cadmium contents of rice (Oriza sativa) grown on an ultisol. Fresenius Environ. Bull., 7:551-556.
Ross, S. M. (1994). Toxic metals in soil-plant systems. John Wiley and Sons, Inc. Chichester. 469.
USEPA (1979). Method 281.4.Chromium , hexavalent. In: methods for chemical analysis of water and wastes.United States Environmental Protection Agency, EPA-600/4/79-020 (USEPA, Environmental monitoring and support laboratory, Cincinnatte, OH).
Williams,C.H.(1977). Trace metals and super phosphate toxicity problems. J. Aust. Inst. Agri. Sci., 43:99-109.
This work is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0) © Author (s)
