Inversion dynamics in some population of an emerging vector of malaria Anopheles (Celia) subpictus Grassi (Diptera: Culicidae)
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Abstract
The present paper deals with the polytene chromosome inversion polymorphism based genomic characterization of Anopheles subpictus Grassi (Culicidae: Diptera) which has attained the status of an emerging vector of malaria in Srilanka, West Bengal and some coastal parts of India. The inversion data of the present population from Hoshairpur, Punjab (pop.A), India has also been compared with five other populations of this species worked out earlier in this laboratory so as to have a comprehensive assessment of inversion dynamics in this taxon. From the percentage frequency of inversions it was also evident that both rural and urban populations of An. subpictus had nearly similar inversion frequencies. In addition to these observations, it was interesting to note that irrespective of the number of individuals sacrificed, cells studied and the number of aberrations encountered from each population, inversions always constituted 50% of the total mutational index. On the basis of the present comparative data of inversion polymorphism, it is logical to suggest that, similar to “meiotic drive” and “molecular drive” there is also a type of “inversion drive” which constantly changes population genomics to augment competitive fitness of the species. Our recent studies on the r DNA ITS2 sequence variations also suggest this contension.
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Keywords
Anopheles subpictus populations, Genomic, Inversions, Polytene chromosome
References
Abhyawardana, T.A., Dilrukshi, R.K. and Wijesuriya, S.R. (1996a). Cytotaxonomical examination for cryptic species in the taxon Anopheles culicifacies Giles in Srilanka. Indian Journal of Malariology, 33(2): 74-80.
Abhyawardana, T.A., Dilrukshi, R.K. and Wijesuriya, S.R. (1996b). Anopheles subpictus complex: distribution of cryptic species in Srilanka. Indian Journal of Malariology. 33(2): 53-60.
Amerasinghe, P.H., Amerasinghe, F.P., Wirtz, R.A., Indrajith, N.G., Somapala, W., Pereira, L.R. and Rathnayake, A.M. (1992). Malaria transmission by Anopheles subpictus (Diptera: Culicidae) in a new irrigation project in Sri Lanka. Journal of Medical Entomology, 29(4): 577-581.
Beebe, N.W., Cooper, R.D., Morrison, D.A. and Ellis, J.T. (2000). A phylogenetic study of the Anopheles punctulatus group of malaria vectors comparing rDNA sequence alignments derived from the mitochondrial and nuclear small ribosomal subunits. Molecular Phylogenetic Evolution, 17 (3): 430-436.
Chatterje, S. and Chandra, G. (2000). Role of Anopheles subpictus as a primary vector of malaria in an area in India. Japan Journal of Tropical Medicine Hygiene, 28(3): 177-181.
Chaudhry, S. (1986). Cytogenetics of two high altitude species of mosquitoes from India. Procceeding International Conference on Tropical Entomology Nairobi Kenya. 59-60.
Chaudhry, S. (1999). A review of polytene chromosome dynamics in Genus Anopheles (Diptera: Culicidae). In: R.C. Sobti and J.S. Yadav (eds.) Some aspects on the Insight of insect biology (pp 205-236), New Delhi: Tausco Book Distributors.
Chaudhry, S. (2003). Chromosomal evidence of sibling species in Anopheles (Anopheles) lindesayi Giles (Culicidae: Diptera). Journal of Cytology and. Genetics, 4(NS): 115-120.
Chaudhry, S. and Chaudhry, A. (1981). Insertional linkage between salivary gland chromosomes X and 2L of Anopheles stephensi (Diptera: Culicidae). Microbios Letters, 18: 77-80.
Chaudhry, S. and Kohli, R. (2007). Sequence analysis of mitochondrial 16S ribosomal RNA gene fragment in two populations of Culex quinquefasciatus Say (Culicidae: Diptera). National Academy Science Letters, 30 (1 and 2): 55-60.
Chaudhry, S. and Rani, S. (1988). Sex chromosome in mosquitoes- III. A comparative study of the X- chromosome in some anopheline species of India (Culicidae: Diptera). In: O.P. Mittal (Eds.) Chromosome Dynamics, Panjab University.pp 153-158
Chaudhry, S., Neetu, Gupta, S. and Chhilar, J.S. (2005). Salivary polytene chromosome mapping of Anopheles (Cellia) subpictus Grassi (Culicidae: Diptera). Genome, 48: 241-246.
Chaudhry, S. and Soni, K.G. (1987). Salivary polytene chromosomes of Anopheles splendidus and its cytogenetic relationship with Anopheles stephensi (Diptera: Culicidae). Res. Bull (Science) Part III-IV, Panjab Univ., Chandigarh, India. 38: 90-106.
Chaudhry, S. and Soni, K.G. (2000). Salivary X-chromosome in two allopatric populations of Anopheles subpictus Grassi from India. In Advances in medical zoology, D.S. Sidhu, J. Singh and D. Singh, Proceedings of the 5th International symposium on vectors and vector borne diseases Publications Bureau, Punjabi University, Patiala, India. pp 109–111.
Chillar, J.S. and Chaudhry, S. (2004). Polytene chromosome polymorphism in a semiurban population of a malaria vector Anopheles stephensi (Culicidae: Diptera). Proc. Zol. Soc. Calcutta. 57(1): 5-11.
Chillar, J.S. (2001). Cytogenetic investigations on salivary polytene chromosomes of two vector species of genus Anopheles (Diptera: Culicidae). M.Sc dissertation Panjab University, Chandigarh.
Chillar, J.S. (2008). Molecular characterization of mosquito genome. A study on emerging malaria vector Anopheles subpictus complex (Culicidae: Diptera).Ph.D Thesis Panjab University Chandigarh, India.
Clements, A.N. (1992). The Biology of Mosquitoes. (1) Chapman and Hill. London, U.K.
Coluzzi, M. and Kitzmiller, J.B. (1975). Anopheline mosquitoes. In Handbook of Genetics, R. C. King, Plenum Publishing Corporation, New York. pp 285-309.
French, W.L., Baker, R.H. and Kitzmiller, J.B. (1962). Preparation of mosquito chromosomes. Mosquito News. 22: 337-383.
Green, C.A., Munstermann, L.E., Tan, S.G., Panyim, S. and Baimai, V. (1992). Population genetic evidence for species A, B, C and D of the Anopheles dirus complex in Thailand and enzyme electromorphs for their identification. Medical Veternary Entomology, 6: 29-36.
Kaur, B. (1999). Intraspecific genetic divergence in Anopheles (Cellia) subpictus Grassi (Culicidae: Diptera). M.Sc. Dissertation, Department of Zoology, Panjab University Chandiagrh.
Kaura, T., Sharma, M., Chaudhry, S. and Chaudhry, A. (2009). Sequence polymorphism in intron ITS2 of Anopheles (Cellia) subpictus Grassi (Diptera: Culicidae). Caryologia. 63(2): 124-133.
Kitzmiller, J.B. (1976). Genetics, cytogenetics and evolution of mosquitoes. In: Advances in Genetics (New York Academic Press. Inc.). 18: 315-433.
Kohli, R. and Chaudhry, S. (2007). Sequence analysis of mitochondrial 16S ribosomal RNA gene fragment in the two populations of Armigeres (Armigeres) subalbatus (Culcidae: Diptera). Cytologia, 72(1): 83-88.
Kumari, V. (1993). Comparative Cytogenetic investigations on Anopheles subpictus Grassi (Culicidae: Diptera). M.Sc. Dissertation, Department of Zoology, Panjab University, Chnadigarh.
Munstermann, L.E. (1995). Mosquito systematics: Current status, new trends, associated complications. Journal of Vector Ecology, 20: 129-138.
Panicker, K.N., Geethabai, M., Bheema, Rao, U.S., Viswam K. and Suryanaryana, M.V. (1981). Anopheles subpictus a vector of malaria in coastal villages of South east India. Current Science, 50: 694-695.
Rani, S. (1984). Studies on the salivary gland chromosomes of some Anopheline mosquitoes (Culicidae: Diptera). Ph.D thesis Panjab University, Chandigarh.
Rao, T.R. (1984). The Anophelines of India. Malaria Research Centre (ICMR), Delhi India.
Raimrez, C.C. and Dessen, E.M. (2000). Chromosome differentiated populations of Anopheles cruzii: evidence for a third sibling species. Genetica, 108: 73-80.
Reuben, R. and Suguna, S.U. (1983). Morphological differences between sibling species of the taxon Anopheles subpictus Grassi in India, with notes on relationship with known forms. Mosquito News, 15(2): 117-126.
Sahu, S.S. (1998). Comparative susceptibility of Anopheles subpictus from fresh and brackish water areas to Plasmodium falciparum infection. Acta Tropica, 70(1): 1-7.
Savita. (2006). RAPD-PCR and polytene chromosome based genomic characterization of Anopheles subpictus Grassi (Culicidae: Diptera). M.Sc dissertation Panjab University, Chandigarh.
Simarjot. (1995). Investigations on the Genotypic Variation In Anopheles subpictus (Culiciade: Diptera). M.Sc. Dissertation, department of Zoology, Panjab University, Chandigarh.
Singh, K.R. P., Patterson, R.S., Brecque, La G.C. and Razdan, R.K. (1975). Mass rearing of Culex pipiens fatigans. Journal of Communicable Diseases, 7: 31-53.
Steiner, W.W.M, Tabachnick, W.J., Rai, K.S. and Narang, S. (1988). Recent developments in the genetics of insect disease vectors. Stipes Publ. Co. Champaign, IL, USA. pp 665.
Subbarao, S.K. (1996). Genetics of malaria vectors. Procceeding National Academy of Science, India. 66(B). Spl Issue, pp 51-76.
Subbarao, S.K., Nanda, N. and Raghavendra, K. (1999). Malariogenic stratification of India using Anopheles culicifacies siblimg species prevalence. ICMR Bulletin. 29: 75-80.
Subbarao, S.K. (1998). Anopheline species complexes in South- East Asia. In World Health Oarganization South-East Asia, Technical Publication. No.18. pp. 81.
Subbarao, S.K. and Sharma, V.P. (1997). Anopheline species complexes and malaria control. Indian Journal of Medical Research, 106: 164-173.
Subbarao, S.K., Nanda, N., Vasantha, K., Dua, V.K., Malhotra, M.S., Yadav, R.S. and Sharma, V.P. (1994). Population cytogenetic evidence for three sibling species in Anopheles fluvitalis (Diptera: Culicidae). Annals of Entomology American Society. 87(1): 116-121.
Subbarao, S.K., Vasantha, K. and Sharma, V.P. (1988). Cytotaxonomy of certain malaria vectors in India; in Biosystematics of Haematophagous Insects (eds) M W Service (Oxford Clarendon Press). pp 25-37.
Subbarao, S.K., Vasantha, K, Nanda, N., Nanda, N., Nagpal B.N., Vas Dev and Sharma V P. (2000). Cytotaxonomical evidence for the presence of Anopheles nivipes in India. Journal of American Mosquito Control Association, 16: 71-74.
Suguna, S.G. (1982). Cytological and morphological evidence for sibling species in Anopheles subpictus. Journal of Communicable Disease, 14:1-8.
Suguna, S.G., Rathinam, K.G., Rajavel, A.R. and Dhanda, V. (1994). Morphological and chromosomal descriptions of new species in the Anopheles subpictus complex. Medical Veternary Entomology, 8(1): 88-94.
Thenmozhi, V., Rajendran, R., Ayanar, K., Manavalan, R. and Tyagi, B.K. (2006). Long-term study of Japanese encephalitis virus infection in Anopheles subpictus in Cuddalore district, Tamil Nadu, South India. Tropical Medicine International Health, 2(3): 288–293.
Toure, Y.T., Petrarca, V., Traore, S.F., Coulibaly, A. and Maiga, H.M. (1998). The distribution and inversion polymorphism of chromosomally recognized taxa of the Anopheles gambiae complex in Mali, West Africa. Parassitologia, 40: 477-511.
Wattal, B.L. and Kalra, N.L. (1967). Regionwise pictorial keys to the female Indian Anopheles. In: Bulletin of the National Society of India for Malaria and other mosquito-borne diseases. 9(2): 85-138.
Abhyawardana, T.A., Dilrukshi, R.K. and Wijesuriya, S.R. (1996b). Anopheles subpictus complex: distribution of cryptic species in Srilanka. Indian Journal of Malariology. 33(2): 53-60.
Amerasinghe, P.H., Amerasinghe, F.P., Wirtz, R.A., Indrajith, N.G., Somapala, W., Pereira, L.R. and Rathnayake, A.M. (1992). Malaria transmission by Anopheles subpictus (Diptera: Culicidae) in a new irrigation project in Sri Lanka. Journal of Medical Entomology, 29(4): 577-581.
Beebe, N.W., Cooper, R.D., Morrison, D.A. and Ellis, J.T. (2000). A phylogenetic study of the Anopheles punctulatus group of malaria vectors comparing rDNA sequence alignments derived from the mitochondrial and nuclear small ribosomal subunits. Molecular Phylogenetic Evolution, 17 (3): 430-436.
Chatterje, S. and Chandra, G. (2000). Role of Anopheles subpictus as a primary vector of malaria in an area in India. Japan Journal of Tropical Medicine Hygiene, 28(3): 177-181.
Chaudhry, S. (1986). Cytogenetics of two high altitude species of mosquitoes from India. Procceeding International Conference on Tropical Entomology Nairobi Kenya. 59-60.
Chaudhry, S. (1999). A review of polytene chromosome dynamics in Genus Anopheles (Diptera: Culicidae). In: R.C. Sobti and J.S. Yadav (eds.) Some aspects on the Insight of insect biology (pp 205-236), New Delhi: Tausco Book Distributors.
Chaudhry, S. (2003). Chromosomal evidence of sibling species in Anopheles (Anopheles) lindesayi Giles (Culicidae: Diptera). Journal of Cytology and. Genetics, 4(NS): 115-120.
Chaudhry, S. and Chaudhry, A. (1981). Insertional linkage between salivary gland chromosomes X and 2L of Anopheles stephensi (Diptera: Culicidae). Microbios Letters, 18: 77-80.
Chaudhry, S. and Kohli, R. (2007). Sequence analysis of mitochondrial 16S ribosomal RNA gene fragment in two populations of Culex quinquefasciatus Say (Culicidae: Diptera). National Academy Science Letters, 30 (1 and 2): 55-60.
Chaudhry, S. and Rani, S. (1988). Sex chromosome in mosquitoes- III. A comparative study of the X- chromosome in some anopheline species of India (Culicidae: Diptera). In: O.P. Mittal (Eds.) Chromosome Dynamics, Panjab University.pp 153-158
Chaudhry, S., Neetu, Gupta, S. and Chhilar, J.S. (2005). Salivary polytene chromosome mapping of Anopheles (Cellia) subpictus Grassi (Culicidae: Diptera). Genome, 48: 241-246.
Chaudhry, S. and Soni, K.G. (1987). Salivary polytene chromosomes of Anopheles splendidus and its cytogenetic relationship with Anopheles stephensi (Diptera: Culicidae). Res. Bull (Science) Part III-IV, Panjab Univ., Chandigarh, India. 38: 90-106.
Chaudhry, S. and Soni, K.G. (2000). Salivary X-chromosome in two allopatric populations of Anopheles subpictus Grassi from India. In Advances in medical zoology, D.S. Sidhu, J. Singh and D. Singh, Proceedings of the 5th International symposium on vectors and vector borne diseases Publications Bureau, Punjabi University, Patiala, India. pp 109–111.
Chillar, J.S. and Chaudhry, S. (2004). Polytene chromosome polymorphism in a semiurban population of a malaria vector Anopheles stephensi (Culicidae: Diptera). Proc. Zol. Soc. Calcutta. 57(1): 5-11.
Chillar, J.S. (2001). Cytogenetic investigations on salivary polytene chromosomes of two vector species of genus Anopheles (Diptera: Culicidae). M.Sc dissertation Panjab University, Chandigarh.
Chillar, J.S. (2008). Molecular characterization of mosquito genome. A study on emerging malaria vector Anopheles subpictus complex (Culicidae: Diptera).Ph.D Thesis Panjab University Chandigarh, India.
Clements, A.N. (1992). The Biology of Mosquitoes. (1) Chapman and Hill. London, U.K.
Coluzzi, M. and Kitzmiller, J.B. (1975). Anopheline mosquitoes. In Handbook of Genetics, R. C. King, Plenum Publishing Corporation, New York. pp 285-309.
French, W.L., Baker, R.H. and Kitzmiller, J.B. (1962). Preparation of mosquito chromosomes. Mosquito News. 22: 337-383.
Green, C.A., Munstermann, L.E., Tan, S.G., Panyim, S. and Baimai, V. (1992). Population genetic evidence for species A, B, C and D of the Anopheles dirus complex in Thailand and enzyme electromorphs for their identification. Medical Veternary Entomology, 6: 29-36.
Kaur, B. (1999). Intraspecific genetic divergence in Anopheles (Cellia) subpictus Grassi (Culicidae: Diptera). M.Sc. Dissertation, Department of Zoology, Panjab University Chandiagrh.
Kaura, T., Sharma, M., Chaudhry, S. and Chaudhry, A. (2009). Sequence polymorphism in intron ITS2 of Anopheles (Cellia) subpictus Grassi (Diptera: Culicidae). Caryologia. 63(2): 124-133.
Kitzmiller, J.B. (1976). Genetics, cytogenetics and evolution of mosquitoes. In: Advances in Genetics (New York Academic Press. Inc.). 18: 315-433.
Kohli, R. and Chaudhry, S. (2007). Sequence analysis of mitochondrial 16S ribosomal RNA gene fragment in the two populations of Armigeres (Armigeres) subalbatus (Culcidae: Diptera). Cytologia, 72(1): 83-88.
Kumari, V. (1993). Comparative Cytogenetic investigations on Anopheles subpictus Grassi (Culicidae: Diptera). M.Sc. Dissertation, Department of Zoology, Panjab University, Chnadigarh.
Munstermann, L.E. (1995). Mosquito systematics: Current status, new trends, associated complications. Journal of Vector Ecology, 20: 129-138.
Panicker, K.N., Geethabai, M., Bheema, Rao, U.S., Viswam K. and Suryanaryana, M.V. (1981). Anopheles subpictus a vector of malaria in coastal villages of South east India. Current Science, 50: 694-695.
Rani, S. (1984). Studies on the salivary gland chromosomes of some Anopheline mosquitoes (Culicidae: Diptera). Ph.D thesis Panjab University, Chandigarh.
Rao, T.R. (1984). The Anophelines of India. Malaria Research Centre (ICMR), Delhi India.
Raimrez, C.C. and Dessen, E.M. (2000). Chromosome differentiated populations of Anopheles cruzii: evidence for a third sibling species. Genetica, 108: 73-80.
Reuben, R. and Suguna, S.U. (1983). Morphological differences between sibling species of the taxon Anopheles subpictus Grassi in India, with notes on relationship with known forms. Mosquito News, 15(2): 117-126.
Sahu, S.S. (1998). Comparative susceptibility of Anopheles subpictus from fresh and brackish water areas to Plasmodium falciparum infection. Acta Tropica, 70(1): 1-7.
Savita. (2006). RAPD-PCR and polytene chromosome based genomic characterization of Anopheles subpictus Grassi (Culicidae: Diptera). M.Sc dissertation Panjab University, Chandigarh.
Simarjot. (1995). Investigations on the Genotypic Variation In Anopheles subpictus (Culiciade: Diptera). M.Sc. Dissertation, department of Zoology, Panjab University, Chandigarh.
Singh, K.R. P., Patterson, R.S., Brecque, La G.C. and Razdan, R.K. (1975). Mass rearing of Culex pipiens fatigans. Journal of Communicable Diseases, 7: 31-53.
Steiner, W.W.M, Tabachnick, W.J., Rai, K.S. and Narang, S. (1988). Recent developments in the genetics of insect disease vectors. Stipes Publ. Co. Champaign, IL, USA. pp 665.
Subbarao, S.K. (1996). Genetics of malaria vectors. Procceeding National Academy of Science, India. 66(B). Spl Issue, pp 51-76.
Subbarao, S.K., Nanda, N. and Raghavendra, K. (1999). Malariogenic stratification of India using Anopheles culicifacies siblimg species prevalence. ICMR Bulletin. 29: 75-80.
Subbarao, S.K. (1998). Anopheline species complexes in South- East Asia. In World Health Oarganization South-East Asia, Technical Publication. No.18. pp. 81.
Subbarao, S.K. and Sharma, V.P. (1997). Anopheline species complexes and malaria control. Indian Journal of Medical Research, 106: 164-173.
Subbarao, S.K., Nanda, N., Vasantha, K., Dua, V.K., Malhotra, M.S., Yadav, R.S. and Sharma, V.P. (1994). Population cytogenetic evidence for three sibling species in Anopheles fluvitalis (Diptera: Culicidae). Annals of Entomology American Society. 87(1): 116-121.
Subbarao, S.K., Vasantha, K. and Sharma, V.P. (1988). Cytotaxonomy of certain malaria vectors in India; in Biosystematics of Haematophagous Insects (eds) M W Service (Oxford Clarendon Press). pp 25-37.
Subbarao, S.K., Vasantha, K, Nanda, N., Nanda, N., Nagpal B.N., Vas Dev and Sharma V P. (2000). Cytotaxonomical evidence for the presence of Anopheles nivipes in India. Journal of American Mosquito Control Association, 16: 71-74.
Suguna, S.G. (1982). Cytological and morphological evidence for sibling species in Anopheles subpictus. Journal of Communicable Disease, 14:1-8.
Suguna, S.G., Rathinam, K.G., Rajavel, A.R. and Dhanda, V. (1994). Morphological and chromosomal descriptions of new species in the Anopheles subpictus complex. Medical Veternary Entomology, 8(1): 88-94.
Thenmozhi, V., Rajendran, R., Ayanar, K., Manavalan, R. and Tyagi, B.K. (2006). Long-term study of Japanese encephalitis virus infection in Anopheles subpictus in Cuddalore district, Tamil Nadu, South India. Tropical Medicine International Health, 2(3): 288–293.
Toure, Y.T., Petrarca, V., Traore, S.F., Coulibaly, A. and Maiga, H.M. (1998). The distribution and inversion polymorphism of chromosomally recognized taxa of the Anopheles gambiae complex in Mali, West Africa. Parassitologia, 40: 477-511.
Wattal, B.L. and Kalra, N.L. (1967). Regionwise pictorial keys to the female Indian Anopheles. In: Bulletin of the National Society of India for Malaria and other mosquito-borne diseases. 9(2): 85-138.
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Inversion dynamics in some population of an emerging vector of malaria Anopheles (Celia) subpictus Grassi (Diptera: Culicidae). (2013). Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 5(1), 69-75. https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v5i1.284
