Effect of nutrient levels and nutrient schedules on physiological parameters and grain yield of upland rice intercropped in coconut garden
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Abstract
The experiment was conducted at Coconut Research Station, Balaramapuram with an objective to study the effect of nutrient levels and nutrient schedules on physiological parameters and grain yield of upland rice (MO 21- Prathyasa rice variety) intercropped in coconut. Field experiment was conducted in factorial randomized block design with nutrient levels as first factor and nutrient schedules as second factor in three replications. Nutrient levels had significant effect on the physiological parameters. Among the nutrient levels rested, NPK applied @ 120:30:60 recorded higher total chlorophyll (2.803 mg g-1) and chlorophyll b content (1.508 mg g-1), crop growth rate (CGR) (11.23 g m-2 day-1) and relative growth rate (RGR) (0.056 g g-1 day-1) as compared to lower nutrient level tested, NPK @ 60:30:30 kg ha-1. Nutrient schedules also had significant effect (P=0.05) on the physiological parameters viz., total chlorophyll, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, CGR and RGR and the treatment receiving 0.2 per cent zinc sulphate and 0.04 per cent sodium borate spray at 45 DAS recorded higher chlorophyll content, RGR and CGR. Though the higher nutrient level, NPK @ 120:30:45 kg ha-1 recorded higher values for physiological parameters, it recorded the lowest grain yield. Application of NPK @ 90:30:45 kg ha-1 recorded the highest grain yield and it was followed by NPK applied @ 70:30:35 kg ha-1. Among the nutrient schedules, N applied as three equal splits, P as basal and K in two equal splits along with foliar spray of zinc sulphate 0.2 per cent and sodium borate 0.04 per cent at 45 DAS recorded the highest grain yield (3.25 t ha-1). The study clearly revealed that excessive vegetative growth is not a desirable parameter for higher grain yield.
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Keywords
Chlorophyll content, Crop growth rate, Grain yield, Relative growth rate, Upland rice
References
Abou-Khalifa, A. A. B. (2012). Evaluation of some rice varieties under different nitrogen levels. Adv. Appl. Sci. Res. 3 (2): 1144-1149.
Alagesan, A. and Babu, C. R. (2011). Impact of different nitrogen levels and time of application on grain yield and yield attributes of wet seeded rice. Int. J. Food. Agric. Vet. Sci. 1(1): 1-5.
Aravind, P. and Prasad, M.N.V. (2004). Zinc protects chloroplasts and associated photochemical functions in cadmium exposed Ceratophyllum dermesum L., a freshwater macrophyte. Plant Sci. 166: 1321-1327.
Ayad, H.S., Reda, F., and Abdalla M.S.A. (2010). Effect of putrescine and zinc on vegetative growth, photosynthetic pigments, lipid peroxidation and essential oil content of geranium (Pelargonium graveolens L.). World J. Agric. Sci. 6: 601- 608.
BRRI [Bangladesh Rice Research Institute]. (1997). Internal review for 1994. Bangladesh rice research institute. Joydebpur, Gazipur. pp. 7-8.
Bojovic, B. and Markovic, A. (2009). Correlation between nitrogen and chlorophyll content in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Kragujevac J. Sci. 31: 69-74.
Cakmak, I. (2008). Enrichment of cereal grains with zinc: Agronomic or genetic biofortification. Plant Soil. 302: 1-17.
Daughtry, C. S. T., Walthall, C. I., Kim, M. S., de Colstoun, B., and McMurtrey, J. E. (2000). Estimating corn leaf chlorophyll concentration from leaf and canopy reflectance. Rem. Sens Environ. 74:229-239
Dhanpal, R. (2010). Relevance and oppurtunities in coconut-based cropping/farming systems. In: Thomas, G.V., Krishnakumar, V., Maheshwarappa, H.P. and Palaniswami, C. (eds), Coconut based cropping/farming systems. Central Plantation Crop Research Institute, Kasargod, pp.1-8.
Dikshit, P.R. and Paliwal, A.K. (1989). Effect of nitrogen and sulphur on the yield and quality of rice. Agric. Sci. Digest 9:171-174.
Ding, Y., Luo, W., and Xu, G. (2006). Characterization of magnesium nutrition and interaction of magnesium and potassium in rice. Ann. Appl. Biol. 149:111-123
Evans, G.C. (1972). The Quantitative Analysis of Growth. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications, 295p.
Evans, H. J. and Sorger, G. J. (1966). Role of mineral elements with emphasis on the univalent cations. Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. 17:47–76.
Elrewainy, I.M.O., Naeem, E.S., and Mohammed, A.A.A. (2011). Effect of time of and methods of nitrogen and potassium application at different growth stages on hybrid 1 and Giza 178 rice cultivare. Egypt. J. Agron. 33 (2): 113-129.
Fahad, S., Ahmad, M., Anjum, M.A., and Hussain, S. (2014). The effect of micronutrients (B, Zn and Fe) foliar application on the growth, flowering and corm production of gladiolus (Gladiolus grandiflorus L.) in calcareous soils. J. Agric. Sci. Technol. 16: 1671-1682
GOI [Government of India, Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers’ Welfare]. (2017). Annual Report 2016-2017. Government of India, Ministry of Agriculture and Framer’s Welfare, Krishibhavan, New Delhi,194p.
Hassan, M.S., Khair, A., Haque, M.M., and Hamid, A. (2007). Photosynthetic characters, SPAD value and use efficiency of traditional AUS rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars. SAARC J. Agric. 5 (2): 29-40.
Khan, M.B., Farooq, M., Hussain, M., and Shabir, G. (2010). Foliar application of micronutrients improves the wheat yield and net economic return. Int. J. Agric. Biol. 12: 953-956.
Krishnapillai, S. and Ediriweera, V. L. (1986). Influence of levels nitrogen and potassium fertilizers on chlorophyll content in mature clonal tea leaves. Sri Lanka J. Tea Sci., 55 (2): 71-76.
Kumar, N., Mathpal, B., Sharma, A., Shukla, A., Shankdhar, D., and Shankdhar, S.C. (2015). Physiological evaluation of nitrogen use efficiency and yield attributes in rice (Oryza sativa L.) genotypes under different nitrogen levels. Cereal Res. Commun. 43 (1): 166-177.
Li, Y., Yang, X., Ren, B., Shen, Q., and Guo, S. (2012). Why nitrogen use efficiency decreases under high nitrogen supply in rice (Oryza sativa L.) seedlings. J. Plant Growth Reg. 31: 47-52.
Li., Yan., Qin., Suichu., Li, Y., and Qin, S.C. (1999). Effect of rice metabolism and the diagnosis of hidden zinc deficiency in rice. J. Fujian Agric. Univ. 28(1):66-67
Mahapatra, I.C. and Panda, S.C. (1972). Uptake and utilization of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium by dwarf Indica rice. Rice Newsl. b21: 1-19.
Marschner, H. (1995). Mineral Nutrition of Higher Plants (2nd Ed.) UK Academic Press, London, 889p.
Marschner, P. (2012). Marschner’s Mineral Nutritional of Higher Plants (3rd Ed.). Academic Press, London, UK, pp. 135-189.
Mathpal, B., Srivastava, P.C., Shankdhar, D., and Shankhdhar, S.C. (2015). Improving key enzyme activities and quality of rice under various methods of zinc application. Physiol. Mol. Biol. Plants. 21(4):567-572
Mustafa, G., Enshanullah., Akbar, N., Qaisrani, S.A., Iqbal, A., Khan, Z.H., Jabran, K., Chattha, A.A., Trethowan, R., Chattha, T., and Atta, B.M. (2011). Effect of zinc application on growth and yield of rice. Int. J. Agro Vet. Med. Sci. 5 (6): 530-535.
Muthukumararaja, T., Sriramachandrasekharan, M.V., and Ravichandran. (2009). Growth and sink potential of rice as influenced by sulphur and potassium fertilization. Plant Arch. 9: 83-85.
Motaghi, S. and Nejad, T.S. (2014). Effect of different levels of humic acid and potassium fertilizer on physiological indices of growth. Int. J. Biosci. 5 (2): 99-105.
Nasef, M. A., Badran, N. M. and Abd El-Hamide, A. F.( 2006). Response of peanut to foliar spray with boron and/or rhizobium inoculation. J. Appl. Sci. Res. 2: 1330-1337.
Nawaz, M., Wahla, A.J., Kashif, M.S., Waqar, M.Q., Ali, M.A., and Chadhar, A.R. (2017). Effect of exogenous nitrogen levels on the yield of rice grain in Sheikhpura, Pakistan. Pakist. J. Agric. Res. 30 (1): 85-92.
Nelliat, E.V. (1979). Prospects of multiple cropping in coconut-based farming system- The Indian Experience- Technical Bulletin, Indian Council for Agricultural Research, India, 43p.
Pervaiz, K., Yousuf, M., Imtiaz, M., Depar, M., Aslam, M., Suleman., and Javed, A.S. (2012). Determining the zinc requirements of rice genotype sarshar evolved at NIA, Tandojam. Sarhad J. Agric. 28(1):1-7
Pramanik, K. and Bera, A.K. (2013). Effect of seedling age and nitrogen fertilizer on growth, chlorophyll content and economics of hybrid rice (Oryza sativa L.). Int. J. Agron. Plant Prot. 4 (5): 3489-3499. Retrieved May 01 2018 from http://www.ijappjournal.com.
Rahman, M.T., Jahiruddin, M., Humauan, M.R., Alam, J.M., and Khan, A. A. (2008). Effect of sulphur and zinc on growth, yield and nutrient uptake of boro rice (CV. BRRI dhan 29). J. soil. Nat. 2 (3): 10-15.
Rajesh, K., Thatikunta, R., Naik, D.S., and Arunakumari, J. (2017). Effect of different nitrogen levels on morpho physiological and yield parameters in rice (Oryza sativa L.). Int. J. Curr. App. Sci. 6 (8): 2227-2240.
Rehman, A., Farooq, M., Cheema, Z.A., Nawaz, A., and Wahid, A. (2014). Foliage applied boron improves the panicle fertility, yield and biofortification of fine grain aromatic rice.J. of Soil Sci. and Plant. Nutr. 14 (3): 723-733.
Samreen, T., Shah, H.U., Ullah, S., and Javid, M. (2013). Zinc effect on growth rate, chlorophyll, protein and mineral contents of hydroponically grown mung beans plant (Vigna radiata). Arabian J chemic. 7: 145-152.
Sarkar, S., Pal, S., Mandal, N.N., and Maiti, S. (2001). Response of rice cultivars to different levels of nitrogen. Environ. Ecol. 19 (1): 118-120.
Sarwar, N., Ali, H., Ahmad, A., Ullah, E., Ahmad, S., Mubeen, K., and Hill, J.E. (2013). Water wise rice cultivation on calcareous soils with the addition of essential micronutrients. J. Anim. Plant. Sci. 23 (1): 244-250.
Thakur, D.S. and Patel, S.R.(1999). Growth and sink potential of rice as influenced by the split application of potassium with FYM in inceptisols of eastern centeral India J. of potassium Res. Madhya Pradesh, India. pp. 73-77.
Tariq, A., Anjum, S.A., Randhawa, M.A., Ullah, E., Naeem, M., Qamar, R., Ashraf, U., and Nadeem, M. (2014). Influence of zinc nutrition on growth and yield behaviour of maize (Zea mays L.) hybrids. Am. J. Plant. Sci. 5: 2646-2654.
Tucker, M. (2004). Primary Nutrients and Plant Growth. - In: Essential Plant Nutrients (Scribed, Ed.). North Carolina Department of Agriculture, USA,pp1-9
Wakeel, A., Rehman, H.U., Mubarak., M.U., Dar, A.I., and Farooq, M. (2017). Potash use in aerobic production system for basmati rice may expand its adaptability as an alternative to flooded rice production system. J. Soil Sci. Plant nutr. 17 (2): 398-409.
Watson, D.J. (1958). The dependence of net assimilation rate on leaf-area index. Ann. Bot. 22(11):37-54
Yoshida, S., Forno, D. O., Cook, J. H. and Gomez, K. A. (1976). Laboratory Manual for Physiological Studies of Rice. International Rice Research Institute, Los Banos, Manila, Philippines, 82p.
Alagesan, A. and Babu, C. R. (2011). Impact of different nitrogen levels and time of application on grain yield and yield attributes of wet seeded rice. Int. J. Food. Agric. Vet. Sci. 1(1): 1-5.
Aravind, P. and Prasad, M.N.V. (2004). Zinc protects chloroplasts and associated photochemical functions in cadmium exposed Ceratophyllum dermesum L., a freshwater macrophyte. Plant Sci. 166: 1321-1327.
Ayad, H.S., Reda, F., and Abdalla M.S.A. (2010). Effect of putrescine and zinc on vegetative growth, photosynthetic pigments, lipid peroxidation and essential oil content of geranium (Pelargonium graveolens L.). World J. Agric. Sci. 6: 601- 608.
BRRI [Bangladesh Rice Research Institute]. (1997). Internal review for 1994. Bangladesh rice research institute. Joydebpur, Gazipur. pp. 7-8.
Bojovic, B. and Markovic, A. (2009). Correlation between nitrogen and chlorophyll content in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Kragujevac J. Sci. 31: 69-74.
Cakmak, I. (2008). Enrichment of cereal grains with zinc: Agronomic or genetic biofortification. Plant Soil. 302: 1-17.
Daughtry, C. S. T., Walthall, C. I., Kim, M. S., de Colstoun, B., and McMurtrey, J. E. (2000). Estimating corn leaf chlorophyll concentration from leaf and canopy reflectance. Rem. Sens Environ. 74:229-239
Dhanpal, R. (2010). Relevance and oppurtunities in coconut-based cropping/farming systems. In: Thomas, G.V., Krishnakumar, V., Maheshwarappa, H.P. and Palaniswami, C. (eds), Coconut based cropping/farming systems. Central Plantation Crop Research Institute, Kasargod, pp.1-8.
Dikshit, P.R. and Paliwal, A.K. (1989). Effect of nitrogen and sulphur on the yield and quality of rice. Agric. Sci. Digest 9:171-174.
Ding, Y., Luo, W., and Xu, G. (2006). Characterization of magnesium nutrition and interaction of magnesium and potassium in rice. Ann. Appl. Biol. 149:111-123
Evans, G.C. (1972). The Quantitative Analysis of Growth. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications, 295p.
Evans, H. J. and Sorger, G. J. (1966). Role of mineral elements with emphasis on the univalent cations. Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. 17:47–76.
Elrewainy, I.M.O., Naeem, E.S., and Mohammed, A.A.A. (2011). Effect of time of and methods of nitrogen and potassium application at different growth stages on hybrid 1 and Giza 178 rice cultivare. Egypt. J. Agron. 33 (2): 113-129.
Fahad, S., Ahmad, M., Anjum, M.A., and Hussain, S. (2014). The effect of micronutrients (B, Zn and Fe) foliar application on the growth, flowering and corm production of gladiolus (Gladiolus grandiflorus L.) in calcareous soils. J. Agric. Sci. Technol. 16: 1671-1682
GOI [Government of India, Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers’ Welfare]. (2017). Annual Report 2016-2017. Government of India, Ministry of Agriculture and Framer’s Welfare, Krishibhavan, New Delhi,194p.
Hassan, M.S., Khair, A., Haque, M.M., and Hamid, A. (2007). Photosynthetic characters, SPAD value and use efficiency of traditional AUS rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars. SAARC J. Agric. 5 (2): 29-40.
Khan, M.B., Farooq, M., Hussain, M., and Shabir, G. (2010). Foliar application of micronutrients improves the wheat yield and net economic return. Int. J. Agric. Biol. 12: 953-956.
Krishnapillai, S. and Ediriweera, V. L. (1986). Influence of levels nitrogen and potassium fertilizers on chlorophyll content in mature clonal tea leaves. Sri Lanka J. Tea Sci., 55 (2): 71-76.
Kumar, N., Mathpal, B., Sharma, A., Shukla, A., Shankdhar, D., and Shankdhar, S.C. (2015). Physiological evaluation of nitrogen use efficiency and yield attributes in rice (Oryza sativa L.) genotypes under different nitrogen levels. Cereal Res. Commun. 43 (1): 166-177.
Li, Y., Yang, X., Ren, B., Shen, Q., and Guo, S. (2012). Why nitrogen use efficiency decreases under high nitrogen supply in rice (Oryza sativa L.) seedlings. J. Plant Growth Reg. 31: 47-52.
Li., Yan., Qin., Suichu., Li, Y., and Qin, S.C. (1999). Effect of rice metabolism and the diagnosis of hidden zinc deficiency in rice. J. Fujian Agric. Univ. 28(1):66-67
Mahapatra, I.C. and Panda, S.C. (1972). Uptake and utilization of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium by dwarf Indica rice. Rice Newsl. b21: 1-19.
Marschner, H. (1995). Mineral Nutrition of Higher Plants (2nd Ed.) UK Academic Press, London, 889p.
Marschner, P. (2012). Marschner’s Mineral Nutritional of Higher Plants (3rd Ed.). Academic Press, London, UK, pp. 135-189.
Mathpal, B., Srivastava, P.C., Shankdhar, D., and Shankhdhar, S.C. (2015). Improving key enzyme activities and quality of rice under various methods of zinc application. Physiol. Mol. Biol. Plants. 21(4):567-572
Mustafa, G., Enshanullah., Akbar, N., Qaisrani, S.A., Iqbal, A., Khan, Z.H., Jabran, K., Chattha, A.A., Trethowan, R., Chattha, T., and Atta, B.M. (2011). Effect of zinc application on growth and yield of rice. Int. J. Agro Vet. Med. Sci. 5 (6): 530-535.
Muthukumararaja, T., Sriramachandrasekharan, M.V., and Ravichandran. (2009). Growth and sink potential of rice as influenced by sulphur and potassium fertilization. Plant Arch. 9: 83-85.
Motaghi, S. and Nejad, T.S. (2014). Effect of different levels of humic acid and potassium fertilizer on physiological indices of growth. Int. J. Biosci. 5 (2): 99-105.
Nasef, M. A., Badran, N. M. and Abd El-Hamide, A. F.( 2006). Response of peanut to foliar spray with boron and/or rhizobium inoculation. J. Appl. Sci. Res. 2: 1330-1337.
Nawaz, M., Wahla, A.J., Kashif, M.S., Waqar, M.Q., Ali, M.A., and Chadhar, A.R. (2017). Effect of exogenous nitrogen levels on the yield of rice grain in Sheikhpura, Pakistan. Pakist. J. Agric. Res. 30 (1): 85-92.
Nelliat, E.V. (1979). Prospects of multiple cropping in coconut-based farming system- The Indian Experience- Technical Bulletin, Indian Council for Agricultural Research, India, 43p.
Pervaiz, K., Yousuf, M., Imtiaz, M., Depar, M., Aslam, M., Suleman., and Javed, A.S. (2012). Determining the zinc requirements of rice genotype sarshar evolved at NIA, Tandojam. Sarhad J. Agric. 28(1):1-7
Pramanik, K. and Bera, A.K. (2013). Effect of seedling age and nitrogen fertilizer on growth, chlorophyll content and economics of hybrid rice (Oryza sativa L.). Int. J. Agron. Plant Prot. 4 (5): 3489-3499. Retrieved May 01 2018 from http://www.ijappjournal.com.
Rahman, M.T., Jahiruddin, M., Humauan, M.R., Alam, J.M., and Khan, A. A. (2008). Effect of sulphur and zinc on growth, yield and nutrient uptake of boro rice (CV. BRRI dhan 29). J. soil. Nat. 2 (3): 10-15.
Rajesh, K., Thatikunta, R., Naik, D.S., and Arunakumari, J. (2017). Effect of different nitrogen levels on morpho physiological and yield parameters in rice (Oryza sativa L.). Int. J. Curr. App. Sci. 6 (8): 2227-2240.
Rehman, A., Farooq, M., Cheema, Z.A., Nawaz, A., and Wahid, A. (2014). Foliage applied boron improves the panicle fertility, yield and biofortification of fine grain aromatic rice.J. of Soil Sci. and Plant. Nutr. 14 (3): 723-733.
Samreen, T., Shah, H.U., Ullah, S., and Javid, M. (2013). Zinc effect on growth rate, chlorophyll, protein and mineral contents of hydroponically grown mung beans plant (Vigna radiata). Arabian J chemic. 7: 145-152.
Sarkar, S., Pal, S., Mandal, N.N., and Maiti, S. (2001). Response of rice cultivars to different levels of nitrogen. Environ. Ecol. 19 (1): 118-120.
Sarwar, N., Ali, H., Ahmad, A., Ullah, E., Ahmad, S., Mubeen, K., and Hill, J.E. (2013). Water wise rice cultivation on calcareous soils with the addition of essential micronutrients. J. Anim. Plant. Sci. 23 (1): 244-250.
Thakur, D.S. and Patel, S.R.(1999). Growth and sink potential of rice as influenced by the split application of potassium with FYM in inceptisols of eastern centeral India J. of potassium Res. Madhya Pradesh, India. pp. 73-77.
Tariq, A., Anjum, S.A., Randhawa, M.A., Ullah, E., Naeem, M., Qamar, R., Ashraf, U., and Nadeem, M. (2014). Influence of zinc nutrition on growth and yield behaviour of maize (Zea mays L.) hybrids. Am. J. Plant. Sci. 5: 2646-2654.
Tucker, M. (2004). Primary Nutrients and Plant Growth. - In: Essential Plant Nutrients (Scribed, Ed.). North Carolina Department of Agriculture, USA,pp1-9
Wakeel, A., Rehman, H.U., Mubarak., M.U., Dar, A.I., and Farooq, M. (2017). Potash use in aerobic production system for basmati rice may expand its adaptability as an alternative to flooded rice production system. J. Soil Sci. Plant nutr. 17 (2): 398-409.
Watson, D.J. (1958). The dependence of net assimilation rate on leaf-area index. Ann. Bot. 22(11):37-54
Yoshida, S., Forno, D. O., Cook, J. H. and Gomez, K. A. (1976). Laboratory Manual for Physiological Studies of Rice. International Rice Research Institute, Los Banos, Manila, Philippines, 82p.
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Effect of nutrient levels and nutrient schedules on physiological parameters and grain yield of upland rice intercropped in coconut garden. (2018). Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 10(3), 964-970. https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v10i3.1822
