Identification of microbial contaminants in drinking water samples of Ahmedabad using PCR
##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.main##
Abstract
Quality of drinking water is one of the greatest anxiety of water consumers with contamination of different pathogenic microorganisms especially fungi and bacteria. Water-borne pathogen contamination in water resources and related diseases are a major water quality concern throughout the world. A motivation for this study was the numerous reports about these contaminations of drinking water and the associated diseases. Water samples were collected from various locations of Ahmedabad in February 2017. The samples were analyzed by 16S rDNA PCR and ITS rDNA PCR since the DNA sequence polymorphisms in the 16S ribosomal DNA and ITS rDNA can be used for the identification of bacterial and fungal species respectively. The PCR amplicons were obtained for each water samples, were sequenced and the species identity was determined using NCBI-BLAST. Bacterial species of Aeromonas, Citrobacter and E. coli along with two fungal species were obtained from municipal water supplies and parab waters. Species of Aspergillus and Penicillium represented the most common fungi in municipal water supplies. This is the first report of molecular study from drinking water facilities of Ahmedabad. This study has clearly revealed that currently, the microbiological quality of the water is inferior for drinking purpose due to bacterial and fungal contamination. This study also showed the potential PCR based identification as a rapid technique for identifying microorganisms in drinking water samples.
##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.details##
##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.details##
16S rDNA sequencing, ITS rDNA, PCR, water microbiology, metagenomics
American Public Health Association (1998) Bacteriological Analytical Manual (8th Edn), Food and Drugs Administration, USA.
Bitton G, Dutton RJ, Foran JA. (1983) New rapid technique for counting microorganisms directly on membrane filters. Stain Technol. 6: 343-6.
Colwell, R. R. (1996) Global climate and infectious disease: the cholera paradigm. Science 274:2025–2031.
Dehghan Fatemeh, Zolfaghari Mohammad Reza, Arjomandzadegan Mohammad, Kalantari Salomeh, Ahmari Gholam. (2014) Rapid detection of coliforms in drinking water of Arak city using multiplex PCR method in comparison with the standard method of culture (Most Probably Number). Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine, 4(5): 404-409.
Dore M.H. (2015) Global Drinking Water Management and Conservation Optimal Decision-Making. 1st Edn. Springer International Publishing, Switzerland, pp.3-30
Drancourt M, Bollet C, Carlioz A, Martelin R, Gayral JP, Raoult D. (2000) 16S ribosomal DNA sequence analysis of a large collection of environmental and clinical unidentifiable bacterial isolates. J Clin Microbiol. 10: 3623-30.
Hunter P.R., Chalmers R.M., Hughes S., Syed Q. (2005) Self-reported diarrhea in a control group: A strong association with reporting of low-pressure events in tap water. Clin. Infect. Dis. 40: e32–e34. doi: 10.1086/427750.
Ingerson-Mahar M., Reid A. (2012) Microbes in Pipes: The Microbiology of the Water Distribution System A Report on an American Academy of Microbiology Colloquium. ASM Academy; Boulder, CO, USA: pp. 26
NCBI (2018) ‘National Center for Biotechnology Information’, National Institutes of Health, USA. Retrieved June, 12 2018. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/search/
Pang, X., D. Zhou, Y. Song, D. Pei, J. Wang, Z. Guo, and R. Yang. (2004). Bacterial mRNA purification by magnetic capture-hybridization method. Microbiol. Immunol. 48: 91–96.
Persing, D. H. (1996). PCR Protocols for Emerging Infectious Diseases—A Supplement to Diagnostic Molecular Microbiology: Principles and Applications. Washington, D.C.: ASM Press.
Rosselli Riccardo, Ottavia Romoli, Nicola Vitulo, Alessandro Vezzi, Stefano Campanaro (2016) Direct 16S rRNA-seq from bacterial communities: a PCR-independent approach to simultaneously assess microbial diversity and functional activity potential of each taxon, Scientific reports pp 1-7, DOI: 10.1038/srep32165 1.
Sambrook, J.; Russel, D.W. (2001) Molecular cloning: a laboratory manual. 3rd Edn. New York: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, pp 2344.
Samendra PS, Masaaki K, Charles PG, and Ian LP (2014). Rapid detection techniques for monitoring microorganisms in water, Biosensor J 3: 109. doi: 10.4172/2090-4967.1000109.
Schijven, J. F., G. J. Medema, A. J. Vogelaar, and S. M. Hassanizadeh. (2000). Removal of microorganisms by deep well injection. J. Contam. Hydrol. 44: 301–327.
Seema Tharannum, Sarah Sunitha, Nitya J. (2009) Molecular conformation of the presence of coliform in drinking water using polymerase chain reaction, Kathmandu University Journal of Science, Engineering and Technology 5, pp 130-136.
Sobsey, M. D., K. J. Schwab, R. De Leon, and Y.-S. C. Shieh. (1996). Enteric Virus Detection in Water by Nucleic Acid Methods. Final report. Denver, Colo.: American Water Works Association Research Foundation.
Stackebrandt, E. and Goebel, B. (1994) Taxonomic Note: A Place for DNA-DNA Reassociation and 16S rRNA Sequence Analysis in the Present Species Definition in Bacteriology. International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology, 44: 846-849.
Suthar S (2011) Contaminated drinking water and rural health perspectives in Rajasthan, India: an overview of recent case studies. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment. 173: 837–849
White TJ, Bruns T, Lee S, Taylor J (1990) Amplification and direct sequencing of fungal ribosomal RNA genes for phylogenetics. In: PCR Protocols: a guide to methods and applications. (Innis MA, Gelfand DH, Sninsky JJ, White TJ, Eds). Academic Press, New York, USA: pp 315–322.
This work is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0) © Author (s)
